Kuwongolera polojekiti: pakati pa zovuta zomwe woyimilira wa boma samaphunzira m'kalasi

Mukamaliza digiri ndikumaliza monga mainjiniya, kukwaniritsa chimodzi mwazolinga zomwe wophunzira aliyense amakhazikitsa akamayamba maphunziro awo aku yunivesite aphatikizidwa. Chofunikanso kwambiri ngati ntchito yomwe imafika pachimake ili m'dera lomwe mumalikonda. Civil engineering ndi ntchito yomwe chaka chilichonse imalimbikitsa ophunzira masauzande ambiri kuti adzalembetse ku mayunivesite ndikuyembekeza kuti akamaliza maphunziro awo adzakhala ndi gawo lantchito kuti apititse patsogolo luso lawo komanso luso lawo; popeza imakamba za kafukufuku, projekiti, kuwongolera, kumanga ndi kuwongolera ntchito m'ma nthambi otsatirawa: ukhondo (ngalande, zonyansa, malo opangira zimbudzi, kasamalidwe kazinyalala, ndi zina zambiri), msewu (misewu, njira, milatho, ma eyapoti, ndi zina zambiri), ma hydraulic (madamu, madamu, mapaipi, ngalande, ndi zina zambiri), ndi kapangidwe kake (mapulani amatauni, nyumba, nyumba, makoma, ma tunnel, ndi zina zambiri).

Kuwongolera ntchito yomanga ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe tsiku lililonse zimakopa akatswiri ambiri kuti adzipereke pantchito imeneyi, ndipo omwe amayesetsa kuwongolera mapulojekiti osakonzekera, pamapeto pake amadzavutika ndi kuzindikira kuti mkalasi ya kuyunivesite sizidziwitso zonse zofunika kupatsidwa kuti athane ndi vuto lalikululi.

Kuti muchite bwino ntchito yomanga, munthu ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka m'magawo osiyanasiyana azidziwitso komanso zaka zambiri zokumana nazo, ngakhale zili choncho, maluso owonjezera amafunikira omwe saphunziridwa mkalasi, monga zina ndi nzeru zamaganizidwe ndi chitukuko cha ubale wapakati pa anthu.

Ntchito ndiyomwe yapangidwa, yokhazikika komanso yapadera, yopangidwa kuti ipangitse zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lopindulitsa. Mapulojekiti onsewa ndi osiyana ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi zovuta komanso zovuta zomwe zimafuna nzeru ndi nzeru kuti athetse njira yabwino. Komabe, aliyense amene ayamba ntchito yoyang'anira polojekiti ali ndi pulojekiti yake yoyamba, ndipo apa tiyesera kukusonyezani malingaliro a momwe mungachitire nacho mwanjira yabwino.

Upangiri wabwino kwambiri womwe titha kupereka kwa akatswiri a zomangamanga omwe akufuna kudzipereka pantchito zawo, ndikuti ayenera kuyamba atangomaliza maphunziro awo kukulitsa chidziwitso chawo pankhaniyi ndipo njira yabwino kwambiri ndikuchita digiri ya master, digiri ya maphunziro kapena maphunziro apadera pamutuwu. Project Management Institute (PMI), bungwe lopanda phindu komanso limodzi mwa mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali ndi mamembala theka la miliyoni ovomerezeka pakuwongolera projekiti m'maiko opitilira 150, ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yoyambira kuphunzira za kasamalidwe ka projekiti kudzera muyezo ndi ziphaso zake, zodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, ndikulamula padziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'magwirizano. Mutha kudziwa zambiri zamatifiketi a PMI patsamba lawo:  www.pmi.org. Zosankha zina padziko lapansi zingathe kuwerengedwera pa webusaitiyi: www.master-maestrias.com. Pomwe zosankha 44 za digiri ya master pakuwongolera projekiti zikuwonetsedwa, m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Ena mwa maphunzirowa atha kutengedwa mwachangu komanso pafupifupi, monga momwe ziliri ndi Kalasi Yophunzitsa pa Project Management (PMP).

Pofuna kuyang'anizana ndi polojekiti yoyamba, yomwe nthawi zambiri iyenera kukhala yaing'ono, tikupempha kulingalira mbali zotsatirazi:

• Bwerezani, phunzirani ndikufufuze bwino bwino komanso mwatsatanetsatane za mutu wa polojekitiyo, muli ndi udindo ngati woyang'anira ndipo muyenera kupanga zisankho zofunikira pa nthawi yonseyi. Kumapeto kwa sitejiyi muyenera kudziwa momwe ntchito yomanga ikugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mtengo, nthawi ndi khalidwe kuti muzimalize.
• Konzani zolinga zanu ndi zolinga zanu. Kodi ntchitoyi ikuyembekezeredwa chiyani? Kodi akuyembekezerani kuchokera kwa oyang'anira anu? Kodi phindu la kampani ndi liti?
• Gwiritsani ntchito nthawi yochuluka kumayambiriro kwa polojekitiyi kuti mukonzekere momwe zinthu zikuchitikira, funsani gulu lanu la ntchito kuti mumve malingaliro pa zomangamanga, ndondomeko, bajeti ndi chidziwitso cha chiopsezo.
• Dziwani gululo, mvetserani zosowa zawo. Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito mokondwera, amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zonse kuti athe kugwira ntchito yawo.
• Ikani timu yanu. Malinga ndi momwe anthu amadziwira kuti ali ndi polojekitiyi, adzakhala ndi zokolola zabwino.
• Sungani polojekiti. Fotokozani misonkhano yotsatila nthawi yomwe mumayendetsa ntchito, bajeti, anthu, zoopsa ndi mavuto omwe angabwere.
• Sungani maphwando achidwi kudziwa. Wothandizira omwe ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi yake angathe kupanga zosankha zomwe sangachite kwa otsogolera awo, ndizofunika kuwasunga ndi kuwadziwitsa.
• Ngati mavuto akuuka kapena ngati ntchito yanu siikwaniritsa zolinga zazikulu, musataye mtima. Ndikofunika kwambiri momwe mungagwirire zinthu. Onaninso zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli, yesetsani ntchito zowonongeka, kuyendetsa zosintha zomwe mukuyenera kuzikonzekera, kuwuza anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi pazochitikazo ndikupitirizabe ndi otsogolera.

Kuwongolera polojekiti kungatanthauzidwe ngati chilango chokonzekera ndi kuyendetsa chuma, motero polojekiti inayake imatha kukwaniritsa zovuta za nthawi, nthawi ndi ndalama zomwe zinayambika pachiyambi. Choncho, kumaphatikizapo kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadya zinthu monga nthawi, ndalama, anthu, zipangizo, mphamvu, kuyankhulana (pakati pa ena) kuti akwaniritse zolinga zomwe zanenedwa kale.

Malingana ndi tanthawuzoli la kutsogolera polojekiti, malo oyenerera a chidziwitso kuti bwana wabwino ayenera kukhala nawo kuti apange bwino ntchito yawo akufotokozedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo ndi awa:

• Kuphatikizana ndi kukula kwa polojekitiyi: dera ili likufotokozedwa mwachidule m'mawu awiri: ntchito ndi masomphenya. Woyang'anira polojekiti ayenera kukhala omveka bwino za momwe polojekitiyi ikuyendera malinga ndi nthawi ndi nthawi, komanso pamwamba pa zonse, pokhudzana ndi zotsatira. Izi zimaphatikizapo kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukonza ndondomeko komanso kusintha kwa kusintha. Pachifukwa ichi muyenera kudziwa zinthu zenizeni komanso zothandiza kuti ntchitoyi ichitike.
• Kuwerengera nthawi ndi nthawi zomwe zimakhalapo: Izi zimaphatikizapo kukonzekera ndondomeko yomwe ntchitoyi yikonzedweratu, nthawi yomwe akupha komanso zinthu zomwe zilipo. Woyang'anira polojekiti amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndandanda za ntchito, monga Microsoft Project, Primavera, ndi zina.
• Kuyendetsa mtengo: Woyang'anira ntchito yabwino ayenera kuyendetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pokonzekera zothandizira (zonse za anthu, zakuthupi, zipangizo ndi akatswiri).
• Kuyendetsa khalidwe: ndizofunikira kuti zitsatire zochitika zomwe zimaloleza kuwonetsa ubwino wa mankhwala, mautumiki kapena mauthenga ndi kuthetseratu zopinga zonse zomwe zimalepheretsa kukwaniritsa zokhutira. Kuti akwaniritse luso limeneli, bwanayo ayenera kudziwa malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kumalo komwe kumangidwe.
• Ulamuliro wa anthu: izi zikuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito kwa anthu oyenerera kwambiri, kuyesa momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi kayendetsedwe ka zolimbikitsa; ndi lingaliro la kupanga zosankha zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndi kudzipereka kwa omwe akugwira ntchitoyi.
• Utsogoleri wa Ubale: Mtsogoleri wa polojekiti ndiyenso ali ndi udindo wokonzekera mgwirizano ndi zolankhulirana zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosowa zazochitikazo. Ndondomekoyi idayenera kulingalira za kufalitsa kwadzidzidzi, kufotokoza kwake komanso kufotokoza kwa chigawo chilichonse cha polojekitiyi, kuyambira pa chiyambi mpaka kumapeto.
• Kuwopsa kwa ngozi: Gawoli lachidziwitso likugwirizana ndi kuopseza zomwe gulu lotsogolera likhoza kuyang'anizana nazo panthawi iliyonse yowononga, komanso kuyang'anira zoopsazo, kaya kuchepetsa zotsatira zake kapena kusintha zotsatira zawo.

Mwachidule ntchito yoyang'anira ntchito ndi imodzi mwa mavuto aakulu omwe woyimilira wa boma ayenera kuyang'anizana nawo pa moyo wake wapamwamba, ndipo zomwe sizinakonzedwe mokwanira m'kalasi, ndiye kuti akatswiri onse abwino omwe amapanga chisankho chodzipatulira yekha Kwa chilango ichi, muyenera kupanga chisankho chokonzekera nokha ku mbali zonse za chidziwitso chofunikira kuti mukhale woyang'anira bwino ntchito.