Kodi kayendetsedwe ka nthaka idzawoneka bwanji mtsogolomo? - masomphenya a Cadastre 2034

Kufotokoza momwe kayendetsedwe ka nthaka ingawonekere mu 2034 sikuwoneka ngati lingaliro losavuta, ngati tiwona kuchuluka kwa zosintha zomwe zachitika mzaka 20 zapitazi. Komabe, ntchitoyi ndiyesanso kwachiwiri pazomwe zidachitika zaka 20 Cadastre 2014 isanachitike. Kumvera pang'ono izi kungatayitse winawake, bungwe kapena dziko lonse.

Kuganiza kuti mu 2034 cadastre idzakonzedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi nzika mwaufulu kumamveka zopanda pake. Koma ndizomwe zimasinthidwazo zidawoneka tisanadziwe OpenStreet Map, zomwe zikukayikitsa ngati malo ojambula zithunzi ayenera kukhalapo kapena ngati tigwiritsa ntchito njirayi kulimbikitsa mapu ogwirira ntchito pakati pa ophunzira ndipo timangodzipereka kuzinthu zokhazikika, ndi Kusintha kwa mayikidwe oyambira omwe sangapeweke monga mtundu wapaulendo komanso zithunzi za satellite zomwe zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi.

Masomphenya a Cadastre m'tsogolomu zaka 20

Kusintha kwa malingaliro ku Cadastre kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zojambula pamiyeso ina. Kulumikizana kwake ndi zamalamulo, zachuma, komanso zachuma kumapangitsa kudalirana osati chidziwitso chokha komanso njira zake. Komabe, monga Zithunzi zojambula zithunzi zikanakhoza kufa pa nthawi yake yabwino ya ulemereroPopeza ukadaulo umachita demokalase ndipo zofuna za zenizeni zenizeni zimapangidwa, kukhwimitsa kwazolondola, siginecha ya akatswiri ndi njira zomwe zimayendera zimayambitsa chiopsezo chosakwaniritsa zosowa zosasinthika. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiwunikenso ma encyclopedia angati omwe tagulira posachedwa ana athu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito masiku onse; o ndi ophunzira angati omwe amakhala mulaibulale yasukulu kuti amalize ntchito yawo; Ngakhale mafunso a Wikipedia omwe ali nawo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, kusinthira mogwirizana komanso kuyanjana ndi makina osakira a Google, ikutumiza malaibulale athunthu kumamyuziyamu.

Mbali ina yofunika kuikumbukira pankhani ya cadastre ndichakuti mikhalidwe yomwe ili pakati pa mayiko siyofanana pazofunikira. Kwa mayiko aku Europe omwe ali ndi 100% yokhudzana ndi malo awo mdziko lonse komanso ntchito zantchito zovomerezeka, kutengera magawo atatu ndi anayi ndichachangu. Zosiyana kotheratu m'maiko omwe kufalikira kwa 2D kwawo sikukwanira, malingaliro onse ndi achikale ndipo koposa zonse pomwe kusintha kwandale kumabweretsa kuchotsedwa kwa gulu lonse la akatswiri odziwa, omwe angatayike ntchito yawo ponyamula zokhudzana ndi magalimoto ovuta ndi -izo sizimatichititsa ife kuseka- kukhala gawo la moto ku ofesi ya a meya kuti, pakati pa zofuna zina, akuyesetsa kuchotsa ziphuphu.

Masomphenya a cadastre zaka 20 mtsogolomu samayesezera kubetcha potengera cabal kapena kuyandikira zomwe zilipo. M'malo mwake, ndizochita zolimbitsa thupi potengera kuzindikira kwa zabwino zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale komanso zomwe akatswiri amazindikira njira zosasinthika. Koma sitiyenera kunena kuti zomwe tikufuna zitha kubweretsa njira zazifupi; monga momwe zimakhalira m'malo ambiri ku Africa komwe nzika zidachoka posadziwa kuyimbira foni mpaka mafoni am'badwo wotsatira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mitundu ngati Cadastre zoyenera-kwa-cholinga akuphatikizidwa muzokamba za kufalitsa kosokoneza pankhaniyi; pakufuna komwe kulipo kwa mamiliyoni a katundu omwe ayenera kutchulidwa komanso kuvomereza nzika ya m'phiri yomwe imakonda mutu wokhala ndi muyeso "zosavuta kwambiri” koma pamene pali malire ndi anansi ake; m'malo mokhala opanda kalikonse ndikudikirira wandale wina kuti aperekenso chinthu chomveka.

Mawu kwa zaka 20 m'manja mwa wopusa-wamasomphenya - akhoza kupanga lingaliro la National System of Property Management, lotseguka kukafunsidwa ndi anthu, ndi mfundo za ufulu, zoletsa ndi maudindo izi zisanachitike ngati mulingo; -Wopenga- wokhala ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ntchito komanso nkhanza zina zitha kuchotsa njira zodziwikiratu ngati sizikutsimikizira kuti nthawi ikuyenda bwino, mtengo wake, kutsata kwake komanso kuwonekera poyera. Pomwe olimbikitsa njira zodziwikiratu adzakhala ndi mwayi woti achitepo kanthu, zikadakhala zitasintha zotsatsa (satifiketi yachikhalidwe ndi ufulu) kukhala akaunti yowunika malo ngati mwayi woperekedwa ndi mabanki, ndipo akuganiza zongochoka. oyimira pakati pazochitikazo kudzera pawindo la Ali-Express kuti athe kutsata munthawi yeniyeni.

Koma Hei, pamene inu misala kudziwa m'dziko lanu, ine kubwerera ku zimene zinanenedwa mu ndime yoyamba ya kulemba izi, kuti mawu Cadastral 2034 ndi chaka chachiwiri chimene chinali Cadastral 2014, amene akufuna kuyamba kulankhula.

Pamaso pa Cadastre 2014

Cadastre ndi yatsopano, poyerekeza ndi zolembera za katundu, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro zomwe zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri pa maziko a malamulo olembetsa omwe amapitirira malamulo enieni, osuntha, amalonda kapena nzeru. Kuvomerezeka kwa Cadastral zolinga kunafikira mochedwa ndi kusintha kwa mapepala opangidwira kumatanthauza tanthauzo la nthaka kwa anthu: kugonjetsa, nkhondo, kuwombera, kuyendetsa mafakitale, makompyuta; Kuwonjezera apo, mafunde a chisinthiko a zitsanzo zachuma adabweretsa njira zothandizira mauthenga ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchitoyi mukumverera komwe kunabwera kwa ife ngati zidutswa zosawerengeka.

Infographic imafotokozera mwachidule maonekedwe akuluakulu omwe Cadastre wakhala nawo, mu nthawi zosiyana:

• Paradigm ya kuyesa ndi msonkho pamtunda, chofunikira kwambiri panthaka ngati chuma chololedwa kuchokera ku ukapolo. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti njirayi yatenga nthawi yayitali ku Latin America, poganizira kuti ngakhale mayiko atalandira ufulu kuchokera ku Spain, njira yachuma idapitilizabe kukhala chizolowezi chazikhalidwe zomwe zidabwera ndi atsamunda. Mu infographic ichi ndiye chidutswa choyamba cha chithunzi, cadastre yachuma monga chofunikira.
• Paradigm ya msika wa msika, ndikusintha kwachitonthozo monga tanthauzo la dziko lapansi. Izi zidadza chifukwa chakusintha kwa mafakitale pakati pa 1800 ndi 1950. Maziko ambiri apadziko lapansi akupitilizabe kukhala pagulu lamsika, chifukwa chake chidutswa chomwe chidaperekedwa panthawiyo chinali chovomerezeka chalamulo ngati njira yothandizira pazachuma.
• Paradigm yoyang'anira nthaka, wokhala ndi masomphenya adziko ngati chuma. Izi zidachitika ndimasomphenya atsopano omangidwanso pambuyo pa nkhondo, pomwe mabungwe ambiri aboma adakonzanso zosangalatsa, kuphatikiza Cadastre ndi Registry. Izi zinali zaka zofunika kwambiri ku Registry yochokera m'mabuku, kusunthira kuma media monga microfilming, ndipo pankhani ya Cadastre, kuthekera kwazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi kudathandizira kukonzanso njira za cadastral, makamaka poteteza dziko lomwe limakhudzana ndi nkhondo yozizira. Zotsatira zake, chidutswa cha chuma cha cadastre chimasinthiratu njira zoyeserera zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta mu malingaliro a Anglo-Saxon kupita kuzinthu zovuta kutengera mtengo wosinthira ndi ma curve of curves omwe iwo amapitirizabe mpaka masiku awa m'mayiko ambiri a ku Latin America.
• Paradigm ya chitukuko chokhazikika, malo okhala ngati zinthu zochepa wamba. Izi zidabadwa ndikusintha kwazidziwitso, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 80, pomwe kuthekera kwa zida zama digito kumatha kulowa m'malo mwa mapu ndi fayilo ya digito, poganiza zokambirana komanso kulumikizana ndi magulu ena achidwi pazidziwitso za cadastral. Momwemonso, chidwi pakuphatikizika pakati pa Cadastre ndi Registry kupitilira mgwirizano ndi kusinthana kwa deta, kuphweketsa nzika kudzera pakuphatikiza njira.  Zotsirizirazi zidachitika chifukwa cha zosokoneza zomwe mumayenera kutolera chilichonse mumakhadi akulu "borges” ngakhale malingaliro oyika chingwe pakati pa Cadastre ndi Registry kuti athe kulumikizidwa. Kumvetsetsa kuti ntchito zambiri zili mu kukhulupirika kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nthaka komanso osati mu gawo logwidwa kwakhala kowawa mpaka lero; kuwononga nzika yomwe ikuyembekezera ntchito zabwino.

Registry Land 2014

Pamapeto pake, Cadastre 2014 adabadwa. Cha m'ma 20, International Federation of Geometricians (FIG) idapanga imodzi mwabets ake abwino kwambiri kuti ibwezeretse ntchito yake, kuthandizira zomwe zidaganizira momwe Cadastre iyenera kukhalira zaka 2014 zikubwerazi. Izi zimatitsogolera kulingalira machitidwe abwino ndi zochitika zomwe zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, pakuwongolera nthaka; ndikuyerekeza momwe Cadastre ingakhalire mu XNUMX.

Kuchokera pa izi kudawoneka chikalata chokhala ndi maziko anzeru omwe ambiri lero angawoneke ngati owonekera, komabe tikulankhula za 1994, nthawi yomwe ntchitoyi idayamba komanso yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1998. Kwa 1994 Windows 95 sinali lonjezo, tidagwiritsa ntchito Windows 3.11 yamagulu, AutoCAD R13 ya mawonedwe omwe amawonekera omwe sanakonde kwambiri asanakhale ndi chizindikiritso chamdima cha R12, Microstation SE pa Clipper Ustation yakale yoyenda pazida zosangalatsa koma zodula za Intergraph; Mapulogalamu aulere anali achinyengo ndipo intaneti imagwira ntchito kuchokera kuzinthu zotchedwa Yahoo, Lycos, Excite ndi Altavista zomwe zimayenera kupezeka kuchokera pa intaneti kapena ndi modem yolumikizidwa ndi foni yapa landline.

Pofuna kupewa chiwopsezo chowonekera kuchokera ku kristalo, zochitikazo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazochitika zabwino zomwe zilipo komanso ndi njira zowonetsera kumene nkhani ya cadastral idzasinthidwe motsatira ndondomeko, zida, kukula ndi kugwirizana kwa ochita masewera okhudzana ndi gawo

Mauthenga a 6 2014 Cadastre.

1. Zochitika zonse za gawoli kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma ndi zoletsedwa

Njirayi inachititsa kuti Cadastre wamba asiye kuona mbali yeniyeni yeniyeni yeniyeni, pansi pa malingaliro okondera monga kulembetsa mwachizolowezi kapena kuika patsogolo pa nkhani zachuma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti cadastre imayang'ana gawo lake pa "zowona", ndi chithunzi cha momwe zinthu zilili m'gawolo, kufunafuna kusungitsa zidziwitso zaposachedwa zamwambo komanso mwamwayi. Kuonjezera apo, lingaliro la kukwanira, kotero kuti zinthu zapakati zomwe zili pakati pa malire a katundu, monga misewu, mitsinje, magombe, etc. iwo akhoza kutsatiridwa mwachidziwitso chofanana ndi chomanga chokhazikika chokhazikika, kupeŵa kuti m'tsogolomu katunduyo apitirize kupempha kukonzanso zomwe zimalowa m'madera ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu.

Kukula kwina kwachidziwitsochi ndikulumikizana kwazinthu zomwe sizinthu, zomwe zimakhudza dera, kugwiritsa ntchito, momwe zimakhalira kapena momwe zinthu ziliri. Zikutanthauza kuti malo opangira data omwe amapereka data monga madera otetezedwa, madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo, mapulani ogwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi zina zotero, amaphatikiza malamulo kuti maubale a malo ndi katunduyo awonetsedwe ngati zowonongeka zomwe zimawonekera pakutsatsa kovomerezeka. panthawiyo wogwira ntchito ayenera kupanga ziyeneretso kapena kupereka chilolezo. Muyeso wa ISO-19152, chilengezochi chimathandizira ubale wa omwe ali ndi chidwi pakuwona zenizeni za gawolo muubale wachiwiri wa RRR (Ufulu, Zoletsa, Maudindo) ndipo izi "zopanda katundu" zimatchedwa gawo lalamulo. zinthu.

Potsatira mzere womwewo, ziganizo zina zisanu zidakwezedwa mu chikalata cha 5 cha Cadastre cholimbikitsidwa ndi FIG mu 2014. Chitsanzo cha template chomwe chili kumanja chimakhala ndi fayilo yoyang'anira ya Cadastre, yoyang'anira deta pazowona zomwe zitha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mabungwe omwe adatenga kalembedwezo mosiyanasiyana, kutsimikizira kuyanjana ndi kudziyimira pawokha mwalamulo ndi lingaliro la kasamalidwe kabwino ka data kuti alimbikitse mfundo yovomerezeka:

• Nambala yosiyana kwambiri ya dziko yomwe inalembedwa m'ndandanda wa 36,
• Makhalidwe awo akuchokera ku Cadastre, machitidwe awo alamulo akuchokera ku maonekedwe / osadziwika ndi machenjezo a zosayenerera, makhalidwe awo ovomerezeka ndi maphwando okondweretsedwa.
• Zowonongeka za njira zomwe zimaperekedwa (kutumizidwa) muzinthu zosiyana za umishonale koma zomwe sizinalandire chisankho kapena kuchotsedwa.
• Zowonongeka, zotsutsana pakati pa zenizeni zakuthupi ndi zalamulo.

M'munsimu muli zotsatira za chinthu cha LADM, monga:

• Njira zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi ojambula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zoyenera kutsatizana kapena zosaoneka bwino pamaso pa nzika yomwe ikufuna kupeza zabwino.
• Zotsatira za chiyanjano cha malamulo (zovomerezeka mwa njira yolembedwera-komanso zosavomerezeka), ndizotheka kuona miyambo yakale, yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yopanda mphamvu koma yowonekera.
• Zotsatira za zochitika zapakati pa malo oletsedwa / udindo.

Ngati chidziwitsochi chimachokera ku machitidwe amishonale a Cadastre, Registry, Regularization kapena Special Regime Registry, aliyense atha kudzipereka kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo zaumishonale ndipo nzika kapena wogwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi atha kukhulupirira kuti izi ndizowona zomaliza. Kuchokera pa tsamba loona zalamulo, chiwonetsero chofananira cha folio chenicheni chitha kukhala ndi mitundu ingapo monga ma liens, ngongole zanyumba kapena maulalo olembetsa ena monga Commerce, Intellectual, Security, momwemonso, ngati zowunikira zitha kufunsidwa, zinthuzo zitha kuwoneka mabungwe azamalamulo am'deralo omwe amakhalanso ndi chidwi ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zoletsa zomwe zimayambitsa katundu. Pamlingo wa mabungwe aboma, zidziwitso zonse zikuyenera kuwoneka popanda zoletsa, ngati mfundo zikuyang'ana kugwirira ntchito bwino komanso kuwononga maufumu pakati pa mabungwe aboma ndi ochita zisankho mwachangu kwa nzika monga notary, matauni, woyang'anira mizinda kapena woyeserera avomerezedwa. Kufotokozera zomwe zitha kukhala zotseguka kwa nzika ndi nkhani yowonekera poyera komanso phindu, popeza zomwe zili pamwambapa (Master data) zitha kukhala zaulere, zina zonse ndizosavuta komanso kugula zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupanga satifiketi yomweyo yokhala ndi chidziwitso chonse.

2. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa mapu ndi marekodi

maneno awa ali kuposa zoonekeratu, ngakhale 1994 anali maloto, kuona zoyesayesa wodziwika anaona CAD munakhala ndi Hyper-ulalo wa mbiri ya spaceport, ndi mwa zoopsa kwambiri shapefile kumene iwo sakanakhoza kulenga minda aphunzitsi ambiri kwa maubwenzi ambiri, monga maere ndi eni ambiri kapena eni eni okhala ndi maere ambiri; Choncho dzina la mwini ayenera kubwereza timva ochuluka monga nthawi zina kuoneka pa gawo ... popanda kupita mfundo zofooka anasonyeza ndi 16 Akamva chabe.

Mosakayikira, mawu awa adawonetsa malangizo osangalatsa pamutu wa geospatial womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera nthaka. Ngakhale kuti ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti lingaliro loyambirira linali lotanthauza "kulekanitsa kopanda pake pakati pa deta ya Cadastre ndi deta ya Registry Property" osati "mapu - cadastral record".

Izi zimapatsanso mphamvu kugwirizanitsa ndi kukhazikika kwa deta ya malo kuchokera ku malamulo ena omwe monga "malo ovomerezeka" amakhudza kagwiritsidwe ntchito, madera kapena kugwira ntchito kwa katundu; kufika pamalingaliro akale a nkhokwe zomwe zimawonetsa ntchito kuzinthu zama data zomwe zili ndi mfundo ndi malamulo ogwirira ntchito pakati pa mitundu. Mwina mutu wopambana mu izi unali kukhwima kwa miyezo ya OGC yokakamizidwa ndi mapulogalamu aulere ndikuvomerezedwa monyinyirika ndi mapulogalamu a eni ake.

3. Zithunzizo zidzalowe m'malo mwa mapu a cadastral

Ntchito bwino izi anavala muyezo ISO-19152, kuyang'ana zophunzirira kuphweka ubale (RRR) pakati pa makalasi zomwe zimapanga zenizeni thupi (anthu, zimachititsa chilumbachi), chowonadi amatsatira (utsogoleri wagawo okhudza malo wagawo) ndi magwero a kujambula zowonjezera (Chitsime).

Zikumveka zosavuta kunena, ndipo graph kumanja ikuwoneka ngati yosavuta. Ngakhale kubweretsa izi ku ISO kuti zitsimikizidwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe zimafunikira pakufunika koyambirira. Khama loyamba lotchedwa Core Cadastre Domain Model (CCDM), yomwe inadzatchedwa LADM, idatha kukhala ISO mu 2012.

Ndipo ngati ena akuganiza kuti ISO ikhoza kukhala yosafunika, ife omwe timawerenga Cadastre 2014 m'zaka zoyambirirazo timadziwa kuti lamulo la semantic linali lofunika - ndipo likupitirizabe kukhala lovuta. Kuwerenga koyamba kunayambitsa chisokonezo kuchokera pamitu ndi mawu, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali odziwa bwino mawu komanso omwe amakonda kufunsa mafunso m'malo molemba mawu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "cadastre - cadastre" sanaganizidwe kuti amamasuliridwa chifukwa cha zochitika monga Holland, Cadastre ndi Registry; akachitengera ku muyezo amachitcha "land administration" chomwe chimamveka chokopa ku Spanish monga "land administration"; Popeza kuti izi zimangowoneka pamtunda osati maubwenzi ake onse, Aenor amamasulira kuti "Territory Administration", yomwe m'mayiko ambiri ndi mawu olakwika komanso olakwika omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe. Zitsanzo zina ndi mawu oti "parcel" omwe kwa Anglo-Saxons ndi malo ogulitsa koma m'mawu olankhula Chisipanishi nthawi zambiri amafotokozera zakumidzi ndipo samaphatikizapo zowongolera zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi ma code aboma.

Izi ndizomwe ISO-19152 ikuyang'ana, kuti ikhazikitse semantics ya "domain". Ngakhale ilibe chikalata chothandiza chomwe chimakhazikitsa filosofi yake ndikuwongolera kukhazikitsidwa kwake; poganizira kuti mitundu ya UML siyosavuta kugulitsa kwa opanga zisankho omwe amayembekezera zotsatira zomaliza kwa nzika.

Apa ndi kosavuta kufotokozera mgwirizano ndi kusiyana pakati pawo LADM ndi ISO-19152.

LADM imabadwa kuchokera ku masomphenya padziko lonse, za machitidwe ndi zochitika zaka 20 m'tsogolomu mu Ulamuliro wa Land.  LADM ili mwanjira inayake filosofi.

Mndandanda wa ISO 19152 wochokera ku chikhalidwe cha padziko lonse, kuimiritsa masantics a Ulamuliro wa Land.  ISO ndi mkhalidwe wogwiritsira ntchito filosofi ya LADM.

Pankhani yovomereza iyi pakufunika kuti mulembe, osati kungoyang'ana pa mitundu ya UML ndikukhazikitsa optics yaukadaulo pazolemba ndi ziwonetsero pazochitika; Zingakhale zosangalatsa kuyesayesa kwakukulu pazotsatira zakulera pamachitidwe, kusanja zochitika ndi machitidwe abwino omwe amathandizira kugulitsa pamlingo wopanga zisankho. Pachifukwa ichi, pali zitsanzo monga Honduras, yomwe idatengera pafupifupi nzeru zonse za LADM mumachitidwe ake a SURE-SINAP, ndipo osaziphatikiza ndi mfundo zaboma, chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa ndi CCDM kuyambira 2005 idalola kupitiliza kosangalatsa ngakhale kusakhazikika komwe dziko lino lakumana nalo mzaka 15 zapitazi; kapena milandu ngati Nicaragua yomwe popanda kuwonetsa kukhazikitsa koyenera, injini yonse yoyeserera ya SIICAR ikuwonetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa pafupifupi mulingo wachiwiri kutsatira miyezo.

4. The cadastre mu mawonekedwe athu adzakhala chinthu chakale

Zotsatira za mtunduwu komanso kulingaliranso kwamapangidwe akuthupi, njira zomwe zimabwera zimakhudza mbali monga dzina la cadastral. M'nthawi zakale, mafungulo a cadastral anali motsatizana mpaka manambala 30, pomwe malo okhala ndi mawonekedwe oyang'anira anali osakanikirana; ngakhale zinali zachikondi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito m'bungweli, kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto anali ovuta komanso osagwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni ngati manambala amenewo anali zero. Mwachitsanzo, ma nomenclature amenewa amaphatikiza ngati malowo anali akumidzi; ngati izi zitha kuganiziridwa kuti ndi za m'tawuni chizindikiritso chake chidasinthidwa chifukwa kuchuluka kwake sikunali kofanana. Zambiri mwa malingalirowa zidachokera ku kasamalidwe ka mawonekedwe, popeza tikukumbukira kuti poyambilira lingaliro lamatawuni ndi lakumidzi limalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwa mapu omaliza, omwe kumadera okhala anthu amafunika masikelo 1: 1,000 pomwe madera akumidzi masikelo 1: 5,000 kapena 1: 10,000.

Kulingalira pamitundu yama digito kumabweretsa kuphwanya izi, kuganizira zomwe zimawonjezera nzika nzika zomwe zikufunikira manambala osavuta ndikuwonetsetsa momwe malo akuyenera kupitilizabe kudziwika ngakhale akusintha matauni chifukwa chakusintha kwa malire amatauni, ngakhale sintha zochitika zake zosasinthika, ngakhale zasintha mawonekedwe akumizinda ndi akumidzi. Osati kuti malowa sakufunikanso, koma ngati ali pama tebulo, amatha kusinthidwa nthawi iliyonse popanda chinthucho kuti chisinthe; Pokhapokha, ngati kutero, kusinthaku kukutanthauza kusintha kwa masamu ake.

Ndi izi, njira zodziwikiratu zowonekeranso zimatulukanso, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawayilesi monga mapasipoti, njira, mbale zamagalimoto (kupereka chitsanzo). Nambala ya 30 ingakhale yachikondi; Tikhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wa galimoto, kuchuluka kwa zitseko, kuchuluka kwa matayala, chizindikirocho ndipo mwina ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe mwiniwake wagonana pampando wakumbuyo; koma mbale ndiyochepa ndipo manambala ochepa amakhala; wapolisi wamagalimoto samakumbukira bwino ndipo amayenera kukumbukira chiwerengerocho mosavuta ngakhale galimoto ikuthamanga; ndiyeno iyenera kukhala yosasinthika munthawi yayitali bola ndi galimoto yomweyo. Kuchokera pamenepo njira zimabwera zomwe zingasinthe nambala potengera manambala 10 (m'munsi 10) kukhala nambala yophatikiza manambala khumiwo ndi zilembo 26 za zilembo (maziko 36);

Chitsanzo cha base 10 kutengera 36 kutembenuka ndi: 0311000226 itanthauza 555TB6. Zikutanthauza kuti ndi manambala 6 okha imatha kuthandizira katundu mpaka mabiliyoni khumi apadera, okhala ndi kukula kofanana (manambala 6). Popeza makinawo ndi otheka kutembenuka ndi ubale motsutsana ndi manambala am'mbuyomu; kwa nzika, malamulowa ndi chingwe chachifupi, mkati ndi mawonekedwe amakhodi amatha kubisa kapena kungokhala nambala yotsatizana pamlingo wadziko lonse. Kuti ndiyese momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito, ndikupangira google iyi link.

http://www.unitconversion.org/numbers/base-10-to-base-36-conversion.html

5. Ntchito yogwirizana pakati pa makampani aumwini ndi a boma

Mchitidwewu wakhudza kwambiri zitsanzo za mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi mabungwe apadera, pofuna kusamutsira ku mabungwe apadera zomwe sizili bizinesi yokhazikika kwa mabungwe aboma. M'zaka zina, Cadastre anachita kafukufuku wathunthu m'munda, ndi magulu a anthu olembedwa ntchito ndi bungwe; Masiku ano ndikosavuta kutulutsa ntchito imeneyi. Mofananamo, digitization ndi m'zigawo za deta kuchokera mbiri zolembedwa thupi, kulola wamba kuti agwire ntchito zimene "kanthawi" kapena osachepera ngati anaphedwa bwino, iwo anachita kamodzi kokha, kupewa ndalama mu zida zimene zimakhala zosatha ndi nthawi. nyengo.

Komabe, ndizovuta kuti pakhale zambiri zoti zitheke malinga ndi pang'onopang'ono komanso zoopsa. Kusamutsa ofesi yakutsogolo ku banki kumawoneka kosavuta komanso koyenera, koma kupereka chiphaso chazidziwitso kumafunikira mitundu ina yazitsimikiziro, osati pokhudzana ndi chitetezo chokha komanso ndi udindo wazamalamulo ndi oyang'anira.

6. Ndalama ku Cadastre idzabwezeretsedwa

Nkhaniyi siyokwanira zambiri, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti tidzayigwira mtsogolo. Koma kwenikweni mfundo iyi ndiyotengera kuti kutengedwa kwa chidziwitso, kusamuka kuchoka ku thupi kupita ku digito kapena kumanga dongosolo lalikulu kumachitika kamodzi. Ndipo zachitika bwino. Ntchito yosinthira yotsatirayi komanso kusinthika kwake sikuyenera kufuna ngongole kuchokera kumabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, koma ziyenera kukhala munthawi yobwezeretsanso ndalama pazinthu zopangidwa mwatsopano pazinthu zatsopano ndi ntchito.

2034 Land Registry Declarations

Kwa 2014 kafukufuku wapangidwa momwe ulendo unali, kupita patsogolo ndi zotsatira zatsopano zoganizira zimene zidzachitike m'zaka zotsatira za 20.

M'mbuyomuyi, tikukambirana zochitika zazikulu zomwe zasokoneza kusintha kwadzidzidzi pa cadastre, monga malo osungirako zinthu ndi malo, zochitika zapakati pa anthu; mofananamo, masomphenya omwe apereka zofuna zatsopano ku Cadastre monga Ulamuliro wa Land, Ulamuliro wa gawoli ndi zomwe zingakhale zoganiziridwa m'tsogolomu ndi kuphweka m'malingaliro.

Chifukwa chake mawu atsopano 6 ndi mafunso 6 amabuka. Monga Cadastre 2014, ndikutanthauzira kutengera zomwe zikuchitika kale. Maiko ena omwe agonjetsa mipata yayikulu amatengera zina mwanjira izi, chifukwa kukhazikika kwawo ndi kufunikira kwawo kumafunanso china chambiri pamsika wawo; izi ziwonekera mwa ena omwe angadzipulumutse okha njira yachidule yamisonkhano. Ena, okhala ndi zosowa zazikulu, apitiliza kuyesa kubweza ngongole za zidziwitso za Land Registry za 2014.

1. Zomwe zili bwino

Mutuwu ndi wokalamba kwambiri, kuti Borges amautenga kuchokera ku gwero lochokera ku 1658:

Mu Ufumu umenewo, Art of Cartography inapeza Zokwanira kotero kuti mapu a Pulezidenti mmodzi adatenga Mzinda wonse, ndi mapu a Ufumu, Province lonse. M'kupita kwanthawi, Mapu osadziwikawo sanakhutire ndipo Maphunziro a Mapupala a Cartographers anakweza Mapu a Ufumu, womwe unali waukulu wa Ufumuwo komanso wogwirizana nawo.

Zopanda Pang'ono pa Phunziro la Zojambulajambula, Mibadwo Yotsatirayo inamvetsa kuti Mapu awa analibe ntchito ndipo popanda Chikhulupiliro adapereka kwa Kuwonjezeka kwa dzuwa ndi Winters. Kumapululu a Kumadzulo kwawonongeka Mapu Mipululu, yokhala ndi Zinyama ndi Opempha; m'dziko lonse lapansi mulibe china chilichonse cha Maphunziro a Geographical.

Zakhala zodetsa nkhawa nthawi zonse, makamaka m'malo omwe amaiwalika kuti kukhala ndi gawo lonselo lokhala ndi chidziwitso ndikofunikira kuposa kukhala ndi gawo limodzi lokha mwatsatanetsatane. Ndizotheka zamakono, mawu awa akuti mutuwu ukhala wofunikira pazaka 20 zikubwerazi; makamaka komwe kufalikira kwa gawoli kudapitilira kale ndipo chidwi chokha ndichokuwongolera kulondola kwake.

2. Zinthu zofotokozera za Ufulu, Zopinga ndi Udindo

Uku ndikusintha kwa zomwe zidakonzedwa kale ku Cadastre 2014, ndizosiyananso kuti m'malo mongokhala maubale apakati pamagawo azovomerezeka pamalowo, atha kukhala zinthu ndi mitundu yawo. Chitsanzo pasadakhale ndi Special Regime Registry yomwe mayiko ena ali nayo kale; Ndikulimbikira, kupitilira kukhala ubale pakati pa zigawo, kumabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolembetsera zinthu izi zomwe zimatsimikizira mbiri yawo, kuvomerezeka, pemphero la omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi malingaliro awo panthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kotero kuti phirilo ankafika njira ndege chikudutsa amatsatira chomwe icho chiri; m'dera koposa lamulo anthu, koma ndi kusiyana kuti overlaps pa zigawo zambiri zokhudza malamulo payekha, ali ndi mbiri kuti ndi lamulo kuti munamutcha mwini amene ndi ulamuliro umene ukugwira ntchito zothandiza tsiku masamu ake okhudza malo ( zitatu-dimensional) ndipo ingangosinthidwa kupyolera mukugulitsa.

3. Kugwiritsa ntchito 3D

Izi ndizowonekera kwambiri. Pakadali pano magawo atatu akhala akuyimira, makamaka alphanumeric. Ndikothekera kukafika ku nyumba yosanjikiza mukudziwa malo ake, gawo la zomangamanga, nambala ya nsanja, mulingo ndi nambala ya nyumba.

Mchitidwe wa Digital Twins ndi SmartCities ukutsogolera ku mitundu itatu yazithunzi zamafanizo pazinthu zogwirira ntchito pazoyang'anira zinthu (Indoors Cadastre). Kupyola kuyimilira uku, Cadastre 2034 akuti atha kuyang'aniridwa; zikutanthauza, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolembera kuti zosintha zawo zisangokhudza komanso kufufuta, koma kuti zimalumikizidwa ndi zochitika m'moyo; amabadwa, ma geometry awo amalandidwa, amatsatiridwa, amayamba kugwira ntchito ndi zochita za anthu za tsiku ndi tsiku, amasintha, ndipo amafa.

Izi zidzaphatikizapo kasamalidwe mphamvu 3D kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zambiri adani, leveraging njira tsopano kulibe mitambo mfundo koma ndi mbali kuthandiza kuzindikira zinthu ndi zitsanzo chosavuta zomangamanga ndi zitsanzo digito mtunda.

4. Kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni

Malingana ngati ochita nawo kayendetsedwe ka nthaka akuphatikizidwa kukhala woyang'anira nyumba zogulitsa nyumba, mayendedwe motsatizana omwe angakhale ofanana sangakhale osafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, banki imatha kulowa ngongole yanyumba popanda notary ngati mkhalapakati; Ponseponse, ndiwogwiritsa ntchito omwe adapatsidwa mphamvu asanafike dongosololi ndipo ndi omwe adachita mgwirizano ndi nzika, omwe amalola kuti abodza pazinthu zawo. Pakadali pano, boma lakale lidzatha kulembetsa wolemba yemwe akudina batani mkati kuti avomereze kulembetsa, mpaka atatopa ndikupempha ziphaso chifukwa chala chake chimapweteka, amamuyika pamsewu ndikumupatsa ntchitoyo kubungwe lovomerezeka kubanki. Malingaliro omwewo amagwiranso ntchito kwa ena onse omwe akuchita nawo zochitika, monga woyang'anira mizinda, wofufuza, notary, matauni, ndi zina zambiri. Malingana ngati ochita sewerowa akuphatikizidwa, zosinthazo zidzakhala zenizeni ndipo mpikisano ndiwo ntchito zabwino kwambiri.

Ndiyeno, cadastre idzasinthidwa ndi anthu, pokhapokha pamene akupanga malonda.

Izi zikumveka kuti sizingachitike, koma zili kale ndi banki. M'mbuyomu, banki idapereka khadi (ha, ngati makhadi a tikiti yapaulendo), ndipo kunali koyenera kupita kubanki kukatenga ndalama, kenako ndikugula ndalamazo, ndipo ngati titakhala ndi zochulukirapo titha kupita kukaziyika ku banki kapena mu chidebe mkaka pansi pa kama. Lero mwatsegula akaunti yakubanki, ndipo amakupatsani khadi yakubanki ndi mawu achinsinsi oti muzitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti; Simumabwereranso ku banki, koma pa ATM; akaunti yanu imasinthidwa munthawi yeniyeni mukamagula bizinesi iliyonse, pa intaneti kapena kusamutsa anthu ena kuchokera pafoni yanu mukakhala mu taxi.

Zomwe zimalozera kumeneko, kuti wogwiritsa ntchito alowe muakaunti yake ya National Property Registry, ndikuwona komwe ali ndi malo omwe ali nawo, ngati akufuna kubwereketsa atha kuchita mwachindunji ndi banki, ngati akufuna kugulitsa atha. chitani mwachindunji, ngati akufuna kuyang'anira chiphaso chomanga kapena chilolezo chogwirira ntchito… monga momwe zimachitikira ku banki! "Monga Uber", izi sizidzayimitsidwa ndi akuluakulu akale a cadastre-registry, ngakhale mabungwe a notary. Mwachidule chosowa msika; mpaka momwe njirazo zimakhalira, chitetezo ndi kukwanira kwa chidziwitso kumalimbikitsidwa; mabizinesi osokonekera adzalumikizana ndi mayankho okhudzana ndi nzika monga chofunikira kwambiri.

Mwa njirayi, njira zomwe tsopano zikugwiritsira ntchito padera zimatha kusintha, monga msika wogulitsa nyumba (malonda ndi malonda) kumene mipangidwe ya B2B monga AirBnb ikupha njira yowonongeka ndi kuwonetsa kwa dziko lonse kudzasungidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito yomaliza; kufa pamsewu wothandizira nyumba, gweta yemwe amapanga mgwirizano, wophunzira yemwe amapanga kuphunzira zachuma, kampani yomwe imatsimikizira inshuwalansi ndi pamwamba pa boma lonse lomwe likulipira msonkho.

Zidzachitikanso kuti machitidwe olembetsera katundu adzakhala ogwirizana, ku kaundula wa "katundu wopezeka kugulitsa", izi zimagwira ntchito ngati zinthu zosunthika (magalimoto), luntha, katundu wamalonda (makampani, magawo), pansi pa zofanana. za "mtengo wogulitsidwa". Kwa izi, matekinoloje monga BlockChain ndi nzeru zopangidwira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zanzeru, pamaganizo a mapasa a digito omwe ali ndi thupi lenileni ndi cryptocurrency ofanana, kufikira momwe kutetezedwa kumatsimikiziridwa mu registry kumene boma lilibenso kandulo.

Ndipo, cadastre-registry idzasinthidwa mu nthawi yeniyeni monga momwe zikuchitikira kale m'madera ena a moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ndilonso funso la "kupanga umunthu mwamsanga kuti Cadastral-Registration Registry ipite ku kusowa kwakukulu padziko lapansi." Chifukwa chake funso: Kodi Conventional Cadastre yakonzeka kukwaniritsa mtengo, nthawi ndi zosowa za 70% ya anthu omwe alibe ufulu wa katundu? Ndipo sitikunena za kuzindikiridwanso kwa gawolo m'zaka 50, koma m'nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya zaka 6; ngakhale chifukwa cha izi tiyenera kuswa malingaliro a kayendedwe ka kachitidwe ka cadastral-registration, kuganizira zomwe zimawonjezera phindu ku unyolo wa Land Administration.

Chifukwa chake tikutanthauza mbali iyi yomwe ikukhudzana ndi mawuwa ndikofunikira padziko lonse lapansi kulembetsa anthu omwe alibe chizindikiritso chovomerezeka ndi boma, malo omwe sanalembetsedwe komanso mndandanda wa ufulu womwe anthuwa amagwiritsa ntchito dziko ili. Izi, osanenanso kuti pazomwe zalembetsedwa kale panali zachilendo zosadziwika. Kuthetsa vutoli mzaka 20 zikubwerazi kumatanthauza kulingalira za njira zosokoneza zomwe zimaloleza kuchepetsa nthawi, ndalama komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu kwa anthu.

5. Cadastre yapadziko lonse ndi yosagwirizana

Zomwezo. Kukhazikika pamsika, ndi chizindikiritso cha chilengedwe. Ndipo zinyalala zitha kukhala ndi nambala ya manambala 30 yomwe imasintha nthawi iliyonse malo akadzaza mapiri.

6. Mphamvu yosamalira zachilengedwe

Izi zikutanthawuza mapu a zinthu zosaoneka, monga malo omwe chilengedwe chawo chili ndi mayiko onse, malo osungiramo matumba m'madzi.

Mafunso a maudindo oyenera a m'tsogolo a Cadastre

Ndili ndi Cadastre 2034, mavuto okhudzidwa padziko lonse lapansi adakwezedwanso, pomwe Cadastre amalowererapo, ndipo ngati zili choncho, zitha kukhala zatsopano zofananira ndi malo azidziwitso padziko lonse lapansi. Mafunso awa ndi awa:

1. Malo akugwira Kodi Cadastre idzagwira nawo ntchito yolembetsa mfundoyi?
2. Chitetezo cha chakudya Kodi padzakhalanso chidwi choyanjana ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'deralo makhalidwe awo ndi chiyanjano ndi umunthu pa ntchito, kupeza ndi kupezeka kwa ufulu wa chakudya?
3. Kusintha kwa nyengo Kodi padzakhalanso chidwi pa kulembedwa kwa ufulu ndi zifukwa zoopsya zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo?
4. Khamu Cadastre. Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe sichingatheke mu cadastre yothandizana?
5. Cadastre wobiriwira. Lamulo lamalire akumalire?
6. Global cadastre. Ndi zida ziti zomwe zingakhale zofunikira ku Cadastre yapadziko lonse?

Chifaniziro 2019 - Hanoi 

Cholinga cha cadastre chili ngati Uber. Ma geometral amayenera kutenga nawo mbali, chifukwa zichitika ndi ife kapena popanda ife.