Zomwe zimasiyana - mitundu ndi mapulogalamu

Mzere wa mizere ndi mzere womwe umalumikizana ndi zolinga za mtengo wofanana. Mu zojambulajambula, zopatula zimabwera pamodzi kuti zisonyeze kutalika kofanana pamlingo wofanana, monga mafunde wamba. Mapu opendekera ndi kalozera woimira maonekedwe apamwamba m'gawo logwiritsa ntchito mizere. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kuti awonetse kutalika, kupendekera ndi kuya kwa zigwa ndi mapiri. Danga pakati pamitunda iwiri kumbuyo kwa mapu limatchedwa mawonekedwe apakatikati ndikuwonetsa kusiyana pamwamba.

Ndi ArcGIS mutha kuphunzirapo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino magawo ena, motero mapu amatha kulumikizana magawo atatu aliwonse pamapu okhala ndi mapu awiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapu oyimitsa kapena opanga masamba, kasitomala amatha kumasulira potsetsereka. Kaya ndi kuya kapena kutalika kwa malo, ma geoform amatha kulankhula za momwe malowa alili. Danga pakati pa awiri opatula pamizere imapatsa makasitomala chidziwitso chofunikira.

Mizere imatha kupindika, yowongoka, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri zomwe sizidutsana. Kutalika komwe kumasonyezedwa ndi ma isolines nthawi zambiri kumakhala kutalika kwa nyanja. Danga lotsatizana pakati pa isolines limasonyeza kupendekera kwa pamwamba pophunzira ndipo amatchedwa "interim". Ngati ma isolines afalikira mwamphamvu, adzawonetsa oblique otsetsereka. Kumbali ina, ngati malo okhala okhaokha ali kutali kwambiri, amatchedwa otsetsereka. Mitsinje, mitsinje yamadzi m'chigwa ikuwonetsedwa ngati "v" kapena "u" pamapu opindika.

Ma curve nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa mayina okhala ndi mawu oyambira "iso" omwe amatanthauza "zofanana" mu Chigriki, malinga ndi mtundu wamitundu yomwe imajambulidwa. Mawu akuti "iso" atha kulowedwa m'malo ndi "isallo" zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mzere wa fomu umalumikizana pomwe kusintha koperekedwa kumasintha pamlingo womwewo pakanthawi yoperekedwa. Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti curve amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, mayina ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mu meteorology, pomwe pali mwayi wodziwika bwino wogwiritsa ntchito mapu okhala ndi zinthu zingapo panthawi inayake. Mofananamo, mipata yofanana ndi mizere yozungulira imasonyeza malo otsetsereka.

Mbiri yakudzipatula

Kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yolumikizira mfundo zamtengo wofanana kwakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale kuti amadziwika ndi mayina osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kojambulidwa kwa mizere yozungulira kunapangidwa kusonyeza kuya kwa msewu wamadzi wa Spaarne pafupi ndi Haarlem ndi Dutchman wotchedwa Pieter Bruinsz mu 1584. Isolines kutanthauza kuya kosalekeza tsopano akutchedwa "isobats." M'zaka zonse za m'ma 1700, mizere yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi ndi mapu kuti afotokoze kuya ndi kukula kwa madzi ndi madera. Edmond Halley mu 1701 adagwiritsa ntchito mizere yowoneka bwino yokhala ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino. Nicholas Cruquius anagwiritsa ntchito ma isobath okhala ndi mipata yofanana ndi 1 fathom kuti amvetsetse ndikujambula bedi la mtsinje wa Merwede m'chaka cha 1727, pamene Philippe Buache anagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapakati pa 10 fathom ku English Channel m'chaka cha 1737. Mu 1746 Domenico Vandelli anagwiritsa ntchito contour mizere yofotokozera pamwamba, kujambula kalozera wa Duchy of Modena ndi Reggio. Mu 1774 adatsogolera mayeso a Schiehallion kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwapakati pa Dziko Lapansi. Lingaliro la isolines linagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mapiri a mapiri. Kuyambira pamenepo, kugwiritsa ntchito isolines pojambula mapu kunakhala njira yodziwika bwino. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1791 ndi JL Dupain-Treil potsogolera ku France ndipo mu 1801 Haxo adagwiritsa ntchito pazantchito zake ku Rocca d'Aufo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pakhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera kwa ma isolines pamapu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Mu 1889, Francis Galton adapereka lingaliro la mawu oti "isogram" ngati gwero lamalingaliro amizere yomwe imawonetsa kufanana kapena kufananiza pazowunikira kapena zochulukira. Mawu akuti "isogon", "isoline" ndi "isarhythm" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira isolines. Mawu oti "isoclines" amatanthauza mzere womwe umakhala wolunjika limodzi ndi otsetsereka ofanana.

Mitundu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kudzipatula

Ma Isoline akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapu ndi mawonekedwe achidziwitso ndi chidziwitso choyerekeza. Mizere yolondola imatha kukokedwa ngati makonzedwe kapena monga mawonekedwe. Mawonedwe apamwamba ndi mawonekedwe owongolera, kotero kuti wowonera akhoza kuwona kuchokera kumwamba. Mawonedwe azithunzi nthawi zambiri amakhala gawo lomwe limasankhidwa molunjika. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe amalo a dera amatha kujambulidwa ngati makonzedwe a mizere, pomwe kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'derali kumawoneka ngati mbiri.

Mukapeza otsetsereka kwambiri mu kalozera, mudzawona kuti ma isolines akuphatikizana ndi mawonekedwe a "chonyamulira" mawonekedwe. Pachifukwa ichi, mizere yomaliza imakhala ndi zokopa zosonyeza malo otsika. Kugwa kwamvula kumawonekeranso kudzera mu mizere yoyandikana kwambiri ndipo, mosavutikira, amalumikizana kapena amakhazikika.

Mizere yopanga imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuwonetsa zambiri za malo. Mulimonsemo, mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula omwe amatha kudzipatula amatha kusintha ndi mtundu wazomwe amalankhula.

 Zachilengedwe:  Ma Isopleth amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mizere yomwe imawonetsa kusinthika komwe sikungayerekezedwe nthawi imodzi, komabe, ndi chothandizira pazomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'dera lalikulu, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka.

Mofananamo, m'malo a Isoflor, isoplette imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza zigawo ndi mitundu yofananira, yomwe imawonetsa zitsanzo za mayendedwe ndi mitundu ya nyama.

Sayansi yachilengedwe: Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi yachilengedwe. Mamapu akunyentchera ndi ofunikira kuwonetsa madera okhala ndi chidetso chambiri komanso chocheperako, magawo omwe amalola mwayi kuti kuipitsa kufalikira m'derali.

Ma Isoplates amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsera kuwonongeka kwanyengo, pomwe isobelas imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa concussion m'derali.

Lingaliro la mizere ya mizere lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala ndi kupangira manyowa, omwe amadziwika kuti amachepetsa kufalikira kwa dothi mpaka malo achilendo m'maderawo, m'mphepete mwa njira zamadzi kapena matupi ena zamadzi

Sayansi Yokhudza Chikhalidwe: mizere yopingidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi m'magulu achikhalidwe, kuwonetsa mitundu kapena kuwonetsa kufufuza kwazosintha m'gawo linalake. Mayina amtundu wa mawonekedwe amasintha ndi mtundu wa data yomwe imagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pazachuma, maupangiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira malo okwera omwe amatha kusintha gawo, lofanana ndi isodapane yomwe imalankhula za mtengo woyenda, isotim imatanthawuza mtengo wa mayendedwe kuchokera kochokera pazinthu zopanda pake, mwachitsanzo. Zolankhula zokhazokha zokhudzana ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi osankhidwa mwanjira

Ziwerengero: Pakayezetsa, kuyerekezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze mayendedwe limodzi ndi kuyerekeza kukula kwa kuthekera, kotchedwa isodensity lines kapena isodensanes.

Nyengo: Ma Isoline amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu meteorology. Zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera kumalo owonera nyengo ndi ma satelayidi am'mlengalenga, zimathandizira kupanga mapu am'madzi othinana, zomwe zimawonetsa nyengo nyengo ngati mpweya, mphamvu ya chibayo nthawi yayitali. Ma Isotherms ndi isobars amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana okwanira kuwonetsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a thermodynamic omwe amachititsa nyengo nyengo.

Phunziro lotentha: Ndi mtundu wa kudzipatula womwe umagwirizanitsa mfundozo ndi kutentha komweko, kotchedwa isotherms ndi madera omwe amalumikizana ndi ma radiation ofanana ndi dzuwa otchedwa dzuwahel amatchedwa isohel. Ma Isoline, ofanana ndi kutentha kwapakati pachaka amatchedwa isogeotherms ndipo zigawo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutentha pang'ono kwa dzinja kapena zofanana zimatchedwa isochemicals, pomwe kutentha kwapakati kwa chilimwe kumatchedwa isothere.

Phunziro la Wind: Mu meteorology, mzere wa contour womwe umalumikizana ndi chidziwitso cha liwiro la kamphepo kawirikawiri umadziwika kuti isotach. Isogon imawonetsa kuwinduka kwamphamvu

Mvula ndi chinyezi: Mawu angapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula malo omwe amawonetsa malo kapena malo okhala ndi mvula komanso matope omwe ali ndi matope.

• Isoyet kapena Isoyeta: onetsani mvula yakwanu
• Isochalaz: ndi mizere yomwe imawonetsa madera omwe kukubwerezedwanso kwamvumbi.
• Isobront: Ndiwongolero omwe amawonetsa madera omwe adakwaniritsa kuchitapo kanthu pa nthawi yomweyo.
• Isoneph chiwonetsero cha mtambo
• Isohume: ndi mizere yomwe imagwirizanitsa magawo ndi kutsatira pafupipafupi
• Isodrostherm: Iwonetsa madera omwe ali ndi mame okhazikika kapena kuchuluka.
• Isopectic: akuwonetsa malo omwe ali ndi masiku ogawanitsa ayezi, pomwe isotac imatanthauzira masiku obwerera.

Kupanikizika kwa barometric: Mu nyengo ya meteorology, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mpweya ndikofunikira kuti tiziganizira zamtsogolo. Kulemera kwa barometric kumatsika mpaka kukwera kwamadzi mukamawonetsedwa pamzere. Isobara ndi mzere womwe umagwirizanitsa zigawo ndi kulemera kwanyengo kosalekeza. Ma Isoallobars ndiwongolera wokhala ndi kusintha kwakanthawi kwakanthawi. Ma eyeallobars, motero, amatha kudzipatula mu ma ketoallobars ndi ma anallobars, omwe akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kuwonjezeka kwa kusintha kwamphamvu padera.

Thermodynamics ndi engineering: Ngakhale magawo amomwewa nthawi zina amakhala ndi mzere wowongolera, amapeza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pojambula zojambula ndi zidziwitso, magawo azinthu wamba zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunzirowa ndi:

• Isochor imayimira voliyumu yosalekeza
• Isoclines amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana
• Isodose amatanthauza kusungidwa kwa gawo limodzi lofanana ndi ma radiation
• Isophote ndikuwunikira kosalekeza

Matsenga: mizere yolumikizidwa ndi yothandiza kwambiri posinkhasinkha gawo lokongola lapadziko lapansi. Thandizani pakuwopa kukopa komanso kutsika kwa maginito.

Mizere wa Isogonic kapena isogonic amawonetsa mizere ya kuchepa kokongola kosalekeza. Mzere womwe ukusonyeza kukana kwa zero ukutchedwa mzere wa Agonic. Mtundu wa kudzipatula womwe umaphatikiza njira zonsezi, komanso mphamvu yowoneka nthawi zonse umatchedwa mzere wa isodynamic. Mzere wa isoclinic umabweretsa pamodzi madongosolo onse azigawo okhala ndi kabowo komwe kamawoneka kokongola, pomwe mzere wa aclinic umabweretsa pamodzi madera onse okhala ndi dives wokongola. Chingwe cha isophoric chimapeza njira zonsezo limodzi ndi mitundu yowonjezereka ya pachaka yowoneka bwino.

 Maphunziro a malo: Ntchito yodziwika bwino yodziyimira payokha - ma contours, ndikuyimira mawonekedwe amtunda ndi kuya kwa dera. Mizere iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapu apamwamba kuwonetsa bwino kutalika, ndi bathymetric kuwonetsa kuya. Mamapu apamtunda kapena a bathymetric angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonetsa dera laling'ono kapena zigawo monga malo akuluakulu. Malo ofanana pakati pa mizere ya contour, yotchedwa yapakatikati akuwonetsa kukula kapena kuya pakati pa ziwirizi.

Polankhula za gawo la mizere yozungulira, mizere yapafupi imawonetsa kutsetsereka kapena kokwera, pomwe mizere yakutali imalankhula za malo otsetsereka. Mabwalo otsekedwa mkati amasonyeza mphamvu, pamene kunja kumasonyeza kutsika. Bwalo lakuya kwambiri pamapu amizere limasonyeza komwe dera likhoza kukhala ndi ming'alu, pomwe mizere yotchedwa "hachure" ikuwonetsedwa mkati mwa bwalolo.

Geography ndi Oceanography: Mamapu apansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zamtundu wothandiza, zochitika zakuthupi ndi zachuma zomwe zikuwonetsedwa padziko lapansi. Isopach ndi mizere ya mizere yomwe imalunjika komanso yolimba yofanana ndi magawo a chilengedwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, mu kayendedwe ka m'nyanja, madera am'madzi amtunda ndi ofanana ndi mizere yotchedwa isopicnas, ndipo isohalins amalumikiza malo omwe ali ndi mchere wofanana wapamadzi. Isobathytherms imayang'ana kutentha komweko panyanja.

Electrostatics: ma electrostatics pamlengalenga nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi mapu asopotential. Majika omwe amalumikiza mfundozo ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yosatha amatchedwa isopotential kapena equipotential line.

Makhalidwe amizere ya mizere

Mamapu a contour sikuti amangoyimira kukwera, kapena chitsogozo chokwera kapena kuya kwa madera, koma mawonekedwe apaderadera amalola kumvetsetsa kodabwitsa kwamalo omwe akutchulidwa. Nawa maudindo apamwamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga mapu:

• Mtundu wa mzere: Imatha kudumphidwa, mwamphamvu kapena kuthamanga. Chingwe cholowetseka kapena chothamanga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pakakhala chidziwitso pamunsi cholimba chomwe chitha kuwonetsedwa ndi mzere wolimba.
• Makulidwe amizere: Zimatengera kuti mzerewo wakoka kapena mwamphamvu bwanji. Mamapu apansi nthawi zambiri amakokedwa ndi mizere yamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti awonetse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya manambala kapena mitundu patali.
• Mtundu wa mzere: Mtundu wamtunduwu wamtambo umasinthasintha kuzitsogolera kuti uzizindikire kuchokera kumunsi kolowera. Shading ya mzere imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira ina yosinthira manambala.
• Kuponderezedwa manambala: Ndikofunikira pamapu onse opezeka. Nthawi zambiri imapangidwa pafupi ndi mzere kapena ikhoza kuwonekera mu mzere wotsogolera. Mtengo wa manambala umathandizira kusiyanitsa malo otsetsereka.

Zida Zamapu Aapa

Mamapu achizolowezi sichinthu chokhacho chopangira mapu ojambulidwa kapena masamba. Ngakhale ndizofunikira, ndikupita patsogolo kwatsopano, mamapu tsopano ali m'gulu lapamwamba kwambiri. Pali zida zingapo, zogwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana komanso mapulogalamu omwe amapezeka kuti athandizidwe ndi izi. Mamapu awa adzakhala olondola kwambiri, opanga mwachangu kwambiri, osinthika bwino ndipo mutha kuwatumizanso kwa anzanu ndi anzanu! Kenako, amatchulidwa gawo la zida izi ndi kufotokoza mwachidule

Maps Google

Google Maps ndiyopulumutsa moyo padziko lonse lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mzindawu, komanso pazifukwa zina zingapo. Ili ndi "mawonedwe" angapo ofikirika, mwachitsanzo: traffic, satellite, topography, misewu, etc. Kuyatsa "Landscape" wosanjikiza kuchokera pazosankha kukupatsani mawonekedwe amtundu (ndi mizere yozungulira).

Gaia, ArcGIS, Backcountry Navigator (Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana)

Monga mapulogalamu ena ambiri osunthika onse a Android ndi iOS, makasitomala a iPhone amatha kugwiritsa ntchito Gaia GPS. Imapatsa makasitomala mamapu a topographic limodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izi zitha kukhala zaulere kapena kulipidwa kutengera ndi zomwe zatulutsidwa. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito njira sizogwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kuti mupeze data zapamwamba, komanso ndizothandiza kwambiri. Ntchito za ArcGIS ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ESRI ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira mapu.

Kalitola

Simungathe kusewera ndi luso lililonse pama foni am'manja, ndipo awa ndi malo omwe malo ogwirira ntchito ndi ma PC ndiwo ngwazi. Pali magawo a pa intaneti komanso zosintha zomwe mungathe kusintha kuti zikuthandizeni kumaliza ntchito yanu yotsatira. Captopo ndi chida chotsogolera pulogalamu chomwe chimakulolani kuti musindikize mamapu ojambulidwa mwapompo. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakupatsani mwayi woti muwatumize / kuwasunthira ku zida zanu za GPS kapena mafoni am'manja. Kuphatikiza apo, amathandizira makonda kapena mamapu ndikupereka kwa makasitomala osiyanasiyana.

Mytopo

Itha kuwoneka ngati othandizira. Zili ngati Caltopo (wotchulidwa pamwambapa), komabe, imangoyang'ana ku Canada ndi United States (tikukhulupirira kuti nawonso adzazungulira mayiko osiyanasiyana!). Amakhala ndi mamapu atsatanetsatane, kuphatikiza mamapu apamwamba, zithunzi za satelayiti ndi mamapu otseguka otsata boma lililonse la US. UU. Mamapu apamwamba kwambiri, omwe mumatha kuwawona pa intaneti popanda mtengo kapena kuwatumizira ngati mawonekedwe oyambira pamtengo wotsika.

Mutha kulembetsa Maphunziro a ArcGIS Live pa Edunbox yothandizidwa ndi 24 / 7 ndi moyo.

Nkhaniyi ndi mgwirizano wa TwinGEO, wolemba mnzathu Amit Sancheti, yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati SEO mu Edunbox  ndipo pamenepo amagwira ntchito zonse zokhudzana ndi SEO ndikulemba zofunikira.

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