AutoCAD-AutoDeskZosangalatsaMicrostation-Bentleytopografia

Pangani bokosi malangizo ndi kutalika kwa UTM ndondomeko

Cholemba ichi chikuyankha Diego, wochokera ku Paraguay amene amatipanga funso lotsatira:

losavuta moni ... m'mbuyomu kufufuza amene anabwera mwangozi akufuna wanu webusaiti ndipo ndidalipeza chidwi kwambiri, kaya mwawo adathamanga monga momwe kulankhula ciencia.Yo wanu mungakonde kufunsa ngati inu mukudziwa ena script, kapena chimango Excel kuti andithandize kuchita izi: Ndasindikiza mu CAD ndi polygon ndi mfundo zake zowonongeka bwino, komanso ndi UTM zawo zogwirizana. Ine angathe Tumizani kuti ndilembereni kuwerenga mu excel.Mi funso: podziwa UTM deta 1 ... N mfundo, n'zotheka kupeza deta nyengo, mayendedwe ndi kutalika mwachitsanzo kuti ku nkhani ine kupereka? ndi 1 mfundo ali X ... Y ..., ndipo podziwa kuti 2 mfundo ali X ... Y ...; KODI MUDZIFUNA KUTI NDIPONSO ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZOONA ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI? Kuti muthe kupanga pepala lovomerezeka, ndikuthokozani ... zokoma za Paraguay!

Chabwino, chimene Diego akufuna chikuchokera UTM ikugwirizana kupanga chithunzi cha maulendo ndi maulendo ... ndipo pamene ndatsiriza Sabata Lopatulika, momwe ine ndadya mkate wa nsomba, torrejas mu uchi ndipo ndatenga zithunzi zabwino za ma carpets ya utuchi ... apa pali yankho. Choyamba, tiyeni tizindikire kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yochitira izi ndi chida choyenera (chingakhale ndi Macro Vba ya Microstationndi Softdesk kapena AutoCAD Civil 3D) koma pofuna kuphunzira, ndi kumvetsa kuti m'moyo muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe muli nazo, tiyeni tiwone momwe tingachitire ndi Excel.

1. Pangani mfundozo

Diego akutiuza kuti ali ndi njira yotumizira mfundozo ku fayilo ya txt, kuti azitsegule ndi Excel, chifukwa chake ndidzazichita kudzera ku Microstation. Chifukwa ndikufuna kutumiza zidziwitso ku Excel, ndiyika mfundo pa vertex iliyonse. Kuti ziwoneke, ndasintha makulidwe amizere, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti Microstation idzawatumiza ku fayilo ya txt momwe amapangidwira, motero ndikofunikira kuti ipangidwe motsatana.

microstation imasonyeza kuti ikuposa

Kuti muwatumize ku Excel, chida cha "export coordinates" chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndimapanga "mpanda" womwe umaphimba mfundo zonse ndikukonza deta:

  • Ndipatsa fayilo la txt monga test444.txt
  • Ndinawonetsa kuti dongosolo lomwe limandisangalatsa ndi XYZ
  • Mayunitsi amapangidwa kuchokera ku "master unit" omwe ali mu mita
  • Ndikuwonetsa kuti ndikungofuna ziŵili ziwiri
  • Kenaka wolekanitsa comma ndi chiwerengero cha 1

Podina batani la "mpanda" ndikudina pazenera, makinawo adapanga fayilo ya txt ndipo adapanga nambala pamfundo iliyonse, kuyambira 1 mpaka 36.

microstation ikuwonetsa txt

2. Tsegulani tebulo kuchokera ku Exceltxt excel microstation

Kuti mutsegule fayiloyi kuchokera ku Excel, pitani ku "fayilo / tsegulani" ndikusankha mtundu wa fayilo "fayilo yolemba, .prn .csv .txt" Kenaka, mu gulu lomwe likuwonekera, sankhani kuti malembawo akulekanitsidwa ndi commas. Pomaliza fayilo yatsegulidwa ndi mizati itatu, yoyamba ndi manambala a mfundo, yachiwiri X yogwirizanitsa ndipo yachitatu ndi y coordinate.

3. Chiwerengero cha Mapiritrigonometry kwambiri

Tiyeni tibwerere kumalamulo oyambira a trigonometry poyamba. Kumbukirani kuti tikufuna mtunda ndi ngodya.

ndi masiyanidwe amayang'anira = Y (chikutha ndi Kuchotsera x2 - x1) mu MB = masiyanidwe ndime amayang'anira X (chikutha ndi Kuchotsera y2 - y1) mu LC = hypotenuse mzati ndi muzu lalikulu la lalikulu b zambiri mzere, mu chigawo P ndi ichi adzakhala mtengo wa mtunda.

chiwonongeko cha trigonometry

4. Kuwerengera mwachilungamo

Tsopano, pa maphunziro tikuyenera kuchita mawerengero angapo; koma onse achoka pambali pakati pa siteshoni ndi imodzi yotsatizana.sine cosine wopambana Kuwerengera kwa ngodya. Kumbukirani kuti cosine laling'ono ndilofanana ndi kugawa b pakati pa c, kapena delta x pakati pa mtunda wowerengedwa ngati hypotenuse.

Chifukwa chake zimangochitika mu Excel yogawaniza gawo L ndi gawo P. Timachitanso mawerengedwe a sine, yomwe idzakhala yogawa Delta Y ndi hypotenuse (M ndi P). Tsopano kwa kuwerengera mbaliOnly tingagwiritse ntchito osiyanitsidwa cosine kwa Danga kuti lili ndi mmene kupambana amagwiritsa radians, chulukitsani mtengo ndi kugawa 180 PI; ndondomekoyi ikanawoneka ngati iyi: = ACOS (chigawo R) * 180 / PI ().

Tsopano kuti muwerenge Kum'mawa / Kumadzulo Timagawira chikhalidwe: ngati cosine ndi positive, lembani E, ngati cosine ndi negative, lembani W. Njirayi ikuwoneka motere: =SI(R2<0,"W","E")... T kuwerengera North / South orientation, timagawira mkhalidwe wofanana ndi wam'mbuyomo, koma ndi sine; ndiye kuti, ngati sine ndi chokometsera, lembani N, ngati ili yotsutsa, lembani S ndipo ndondomekoyo ikhale motere: =SI(R2<0,”W”,”E”)…

Tsopano tiyeni tikumbukire kuti mawonekedwe omwe adawerengedwa kale akuchokera kopingasa, kum'mawa ndipo zomwe tikufunikira ndizokhudzana ndi kumpoto kapena kumwera. Chifukwa chake ku NW ndi SW quadrants timatenga madigiri a 90 kutali, ndiye zomwe timachita ndikupanga vuto kuti ngati cosine ili ndi vuto, timachotsa 90 ndipo mu NE ndi SE quadrants timatenga 90 kupatula mbali ... m'mbali V

mawerengedwe a maphunziro

Column V imawonetsera ngodya, koma pamitundu ya decimal. Kusintha madimidwe kukhala madigiri, mphindi ndi masekondi zomwe timachita ndikuzidula ndi malo opanda zero, monga momwe ziliri mgawo W. To kuwerengera mphindi, timachotsa madigiri athunthu kuchotsera madigiriwo ndikuchulukitsa ndi 60. Kenako timawadulira malo opanda zero momwe amawonekera pagawo Y. Ngati masekondi, mphindi zimachotsedwa pamphindi zomwe zidadulidwa, ndikuchulukitsidwa ndi 60. Pomaliza, masekondi adadulidwa m'malo awiri osungidwa ... samalani, ngati ma UTM omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito analibe malo opitilira awiri, kuchuluka kwa masekondi sikudzakhala ndendende kwambiri kotero kungakhale bwino kuwasiya mpaka decimal.

5. Kulengedwa kwa tebulo la maulendo ndi maulendo

Zaka.

mayendedwe ndi kutalikaPachifukwa ichi ndagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya concatenate, kotero ndikuwonjezera selo yomwe ili ndi nambala 1, ndiye danga la hyphen danga, ndiyeno selo yokhala ndi nambala 2; kotero ndili ndi mawonekedwe a masiteshoni "1 - 2"

Madera.  Izi zimachokera ku chigawo cha hypotenuse.madigiri ndi mphindi

Maphunziro.  Izi zikutanthauza kubweretsa mtengo wowerengedwera pazomwe zidalembedwa kale, komanso kuti selo liwonjezere chizindikiro cha digiri, mphindi kapena yachiwiri zimapangidwa muzipangizo za selo monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu fano. Kuwonjezera apo, ndawonjezera ndondomeko yowonongeka, chifukwa kafukufuku wamakono amafunika. Kuchokera apa mukhoza kukopera fayiloyi muyeso dwg, muwonekedwe DGN, fayilo ya Excel ndi fayilo txt.

Kotero izo Pano pali fayilo ku Excel momwe mungapangire tebulo lamutu ndi mtunda kuchokera kumaulalo motsatizana a UTM. Kuti muwonjezere mfundo, mutha kukopera zipilala ndikuziyika, ndibwino chifukwa mwanjira imeneyi mumatsimikizira mayendedwe, pofuna kulemekeza mzere woyamba ndi womaliza. Muyeneranso kukopera zomwe mwapeza kuchokera koyamba mpaka kumapeto koyamba, kuti malo omaliza aziwerengedwa bwino.

Pano mungathe kukopera template kupanga bokosi la zida ndi maulendo kuchokera ku ma UTM.

 

utm nyimbo zamakonoPamafunika chopereka chophiphiritsira kutsitsa, komwe mungachite PayPal kapena khadi la ngongole.

Ndilophiphiritsira ngati wina akuwona momwe ntchitoyo ikugwiritsire ntchito komanso kumasuka kwake.

 


Phunzirani momwe mungapangire izi ndi ma template ena mu Maphunziro achinyengo a Excel-CAD-GIS.


 

Golgi Alvarez

Wolemba, wofufuza, katswiri wa Land Management Models. Iye watenga nawo gawo pakukonza ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo monga: National System of Property Administration SINAP ku Honduras, Model of Management of Joint Municipalities ku Honduras, Integrated Model of Cadastre Management - Registry ku Nicaragua, System of Administration ya Territory SAT ku Colombia. . Mkonzi wa blog ya chidziwitso cha Geofumadas kuyambira 2007 ndi mlengi wa AulaGEO Academy yomwe imaphatikizapo maphunziro oposa 100 pa GIS - CAD - BIM - Digital Twins mitu.

Nkhani

41 Comments

  1. Pali chida wotchedwa Calculo_Topográfico.exe, inu automates ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa UTM Malo spreadsheet, monga kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino, mayendedwe ndi kutalika, komanso zipangizo zina zothandiza ngati kupeza cholakwa N'kuthekanso kafukufuku, mwina kum'mawa kapena ngodya ndi mtunda, amachepetsa ndi polygon m'dera anafuna ndi kusintha mbali imodzi kapena ngodya, abwino kwa dismemberment, makamaka munakonza zojambula mu AutoCAD, wakupatsani kukopera ndi phala (kapena) Pilot (s) wa polygons ndi kuti mukugwira ntchito; Komanso zogulitsa kunja deta kuti imakonzanso okwerera okwana, kweza (kapena kukopera) mudziwe.

  2. Funso: Chifukwa deltas amawerengera iwo kuchokera pansi komanso osati mozungulira?

  3. Ndondomeko yabwino, ndapanga zambiri mwa Microstation zomwe zimachita chimodzimodzi kwa ine ndikuzitumiza ku fayilo ya txt.

  4. Ndakhala wokhutira kwambiri ndipo panthawi imodzimodzi ndikumva chisoni kuti sindinathe kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi, chifukwa sindingathe kupereka zopereka zophiphiritsira, chifukwa ine sindikupanga? mu ntchito yanga monga wofufuza komanso moona mtima ndikukhudzidwa ndi zomwe ndikudziwa kuti ndikulitse ndikulimbikitseni ntchito yanga, ngati mutatha kunditumizira kunditumizira ine ndikuthokozani kwambiri
    Samana Dominican Republic

  5. Sungani makalata anu, mu spam.
    Ulendo waulendo ukhoza kupita kumeneko.

    zonse

  6. Zabwino, ndi zothandiza !! koma ndangopanga zoperekazo ndipo sindinatengere template ..
    zonse

  7. Eya, madzulo, kodi mungakhale ndi nkhani kapena zitsanzo za scale factor calculation? mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kufunika, moni kuchokera ku Mexico

  8. Ndondomeko, ndi ndondomekoyi ndinatha kupanga pepala lapamwamba lomwe limapereka malangizo, chifukwa chogawana mfundo izi zofunika.

    Moni wa Nicaragua

  9. Eya, uli bwanji? Ndikuyembekeza bwino, ndikufuna ndikuwone ngati mungathe kundithandiza pamene mukuwerengera o kutalika pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ndi makonzedwe awo ndi makonzedwe O mmalo mokhala ndi miyendo ndi mautali aatali chifukwa ndikhoza kuchita ndi mautm x komanso kuti ndilibe mavuto koma sindingathe kuchita nawo Mtundu wina wa maofesi omwe amasonyeza pa Google Earth mapu.
    moni .. Ndikuyembekeza yankho lanu ngati n'kotheka ..

  10. Anzanga, powerenga mafunso anu okhudza mawerengedwe a topographic, m'badwo wa "matebulo" ogwirizanitsa ndi kulemba maulendo ndi maulendo ku Autocad, ndikupangira kugwiritsa ntchito chida cha CIVILCAD, chopangidwa ku Mexico, gawoli limasintha autocad kukhala chida chowerengera topographic, mbiri, magawo. , mizere yozungulira, ndi zina, ndi zina.
    Ponena za mafunso anu kuchokera ku UTM kupita ku zolumikizira zokhazikika, mapulogalamu onse a GPS (GNSS zothetsera zotsatsa, mayankho a Ashtech a Promark 2, Ofesi ya Spectra Precision Survey ya GPS Epoch 10 ndi 50, ndi zina zotero) ali ndi masinthidwe apakati pakati pa machitidwe ogwirizanitsa, zonse zomwe amafunikira. ndi ma coordinates angapo kapena kupitilira apo mu UTM komanso mu "flat" coordinates (ie ma coordinates omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndi ma station onse) ndipo mapulogalamu aziwerengera kuchuluka ndi zidziwitso zomwe akufunikira, muyenera kungowerenga zomwe zikugwirizana. zolemba za zida zawo ndikukonza zosonkhanitsira deta bwino. Moni wochokera ku Mexico City. imelo yanga ndi gilberto1@sitg.com.mx.

  11. Kusintha kwa tebulo kuyenera kupangidwa, koma kungakhale. Ngati mutitumizira chitsanzo tikhoza kuyesa.

  12. Chopereka chabwino Ndili ndi kale tebulo langa. Ndikufuna kudziwa ngati mungandithandize kuti ndipeze malingaliro omwe ali ndi tebulo ili. Zikomo !!

  13. Mphunzitsi, ndi chifukwa chotsutsana?
    Kuchokera kumayendedwe kupita ku malo ozungulira?
    Muchas gracias

  14. mukulondola, zimachitika kuti gulu la geofumadas.com, ndi kumene iwo adalandira mafayilo ndi zithunzi za blog ili idapitilizidwa. Ndiyenera kupita m'kati, yesani mtsogolo.

  15. nanga bwanji, yesani kukopera fayilo yapamwamba koposa koma ndiwonetseni ine kuti palibe, ndingathe kuthandizira izi.

    zonse

  16. Muyenera kukhala achindunji kuposa momwe mukutanthawuzira ndi makonzedwe apamwamba.

    Kodi munangonena malo ndi madigiri, mphindi, masekondi? Kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi.

    Ngati simunatchulepo, onani ngati mutatipatsa chitsanzo chothandizani.

  17. Ndili ndi UTM yomwe imalumikiza monga momwe ndikuchitira kuti ndizichepetsanso makampani ogwirira ntchito.

  18. Chinthu chothandiza kwambiri kuti muwerenge dera la AutoCAD, zomwe mukuzifuna sikuti ndizitha kuwerengera dera koma kuti zitsimikizire kutsekedwa, mwinamwake pali chithunzi chomwe chikuchita zomwe mukufuna koma sindikudziwa.

  19. Tsambali ndi labwino kwambiri. Ndikufuna kudziwa momwe ndingagwiritsire ntchito (mu Excel) dera lomwe limachokera ku polygon yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera kumalo ozungulira ndi zonyamulira zomwe zimapezeka m'munda. Ndine wojambula zithunzi ndipo ndimagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Autocad, ndikuphatikizapo ndi matebulo a Excel.
    Ndikuyamikira kwambiri chidwi chanu poyankha funso langa.
    Zabwino kwambiri kuchokera ku Asuncion ku Paraguay
    Mabel

  20. Ndikuganiza kuti mukusokoneza ndondomekoyi, ngati mulibe zigawo za utm, simukusowa kuyang'ana. Muyenera kutanthauzira zomwe zojambula zanu zaukawukira zikunena, pali chiyambi, ngati sizinene kuti zogwirizana, ziyikeni paliponse, ndipo onani ngati pali njira ndi mtunda wopita ku mfundo yotsatira.

  21. Fayilo siyi ya izo, ndi kuwerengera bokosi la zojambula zochokera pa mfundo ndi zogwirizana

  22. Maestro Alvarez, fayiloyi ikulumikiza maulendo a UTM kuchokera pamtandanda womwe unakwezedwa ndi msampha ndi msinkhu ndi zodabwitsa koma ine sindingakhoze kuchimvetsa icho

  23. Taonani mnzanga wina wa ku Peru wanditumizira template ndi funso koma sindingathe kumvetsa kuti UTM yayikidwa pachiyambi pakati pa PI iliyonse, monga fayilo cholumikizira

  24. Moni Jcp, ndikumvetsa kuti muli ndi mzere wapakati, ndi zitulo ndi sitimayo iliyonse pamakhala zosiyana ndi zamanja ndi kumanzere. Ndikuganiza kuti chinthu choyenera kwambiri ndikuti simukuyesera kuti mutumikize, koma pangani magulu kuchokera pakati, ndikuyika mfundo pamsewu wozungulira ndi mzere.

    izi zingakupangitseni kukhala ndi zofanana ndi izi

    http://geofumadas.com/construir-curvas-de-nivel-usando-autocad/

    Ndiye kuti muwonjezere mapamwamba omwe akukonzekera mawonekedwe a mfundo yomwe mungalowemo mungapereke kukwezeka.

  25. Wokondedwa Bambo Alvarez ndikugwiritsa ntchito boma 3d 2009, ndimalowetsa ma UTM mu mtundu wa .cvs koma tsopano ndiyenera kusintha magawo omwe akwezedwa ndi magalimoto ndi mulingo kukhala UTM opambana, ndili ndi cholumikizira ndipo poyambira 0 + 000 ndimakweza ndi GPS kuti ndikwaniritse izi ... ndingawerengere bwanji ma POI olamulira anga ndi magawo ake ku UTM

    Ndimachokera ku Honduras

    jcpescotosb@hotmail.com

  26. Ndipotu, ndondomeko zomwe ndakhala ndikuzichita kale, koma ndikufuna kuzichepetsera ku ndege kuti zizigwira ntchito kumunda

  27. Tawonani, sindinagwiritse ntchito Promark koma ndikuwona ikuwoneka mofanana ndi Map Map Mobile kuyambira ku Thales.

    Mu ichi ndinatero:

    1. Inu akanikizire "MENU" batani
    2. Sankhani "Mapu a Mapu"
    3. Sankhani "Coordinate system" ndikusankha UTM
    4. Mumasankha "Datum" ndipo apa mukuwonetsa WGS84

  28. iwo ali ochepa, iwo amawoneka kuti ndi 2, mumzinda wa Mexico zone 14, ine ndikanati ndidziwe zambiri zomwe mungapereke.

  29. … Ahem, ahem… 🙂

    Ndipo ndi gps mtundu wanji, wopanga ndi chitsanzo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito?
    Ndi dziko liti ndi dera liti lomwe muli?

  30. Wokondedwa ALVAREZ, pamwamba moni onse, ndinazindikira kuti nzeru zanu mu zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi mapulogalamu patsogolo, Ine akhoza kuthandiza, kampani I ntchito, kusamalira GPS, ndipo ine ndikufuna kudziwa momwe ine kusintha UTM ndondomeko ya ndondomeko mtunda O Planas, kwa eni munda, anayang'ana mudziwe zambiri za izo ndi angayamikire mungayankhire.

  31. Paulo, ndikuyamikira kwanu, ndakhala ndikukonzekera kulembera kalata, ndilo L ndime pakati pa ndime P

    vuto lina limene inu mukulikulitsa, ndikuganiza kuti simunathe kumaliza ndemanga kuti muthe kuzifufuza

  32. Ndinatsatira malangizo ndi sitepe. Theoretically ndinamvetsa, koma ndikuchita sindinathe kupeza zotsatira zabwino.
    Mae akuwoneka ngati ndikuchita chinachake cholakwika. komanso mu kasinthidwe ka magulu a Autocad omwe ali mbali ya maangelo ndi malangizo ine sindiri bwino kwambiri.
    Ndikufuna ndikuuzeni kuti muwunikenso gawo la ma angles, ndikuganiza kuti pali cholakwika, pomwe akuti "kugawa gawo N ndi gawo P" zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ndi gawo L ndi gawo P.
    Kulakwitsa kwina kwa kulembanso kumawoneka mu kuwerengera kwa kumpoto / kumwera kwa South, chiganizo chikuti: chidzakhala: = SI (R2

  33. ngati mukutanthauza chiwembu chomwe chimayesedwa kudera lomwe malowo asintha ... sichingakugwireni.

    Ngati mukutanthauza kuti muli ndi makonzedwe ena mu utm zone, sipangakhale kusintha kulikonse chifukwa mukuyenera kunena za chigawo chimodzimodzi, kotero makonzedwe ali ofanana

  34. moni,

    Ndinafuna kukonda izi mwabwino, ndili ndi funso

    Kodi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji ngati kusintha kwasonga?

    Gracias

    Juan

  35. mmm, nditumizireni ine script yomwe mumayankhula mu imelo yomwe muli nayo, kuti muyiyankhe.

    Ine ndiwona zomwe ziri kumeneko

  36. chosamveka !!! tsopano pitani ku 100%, ndagwiritsa ntchito ndipo ndi zoona! zikomo kwambiri, ndakhala ndikuthandiza.

    Funso la izi, popeza tili muzochita zokha. Pogwiritsa ntchito AutoCAD, nditajambula polygon ya georeferenced, ndi ma vertices ake odziwika a UTM, zomwe ndikusowa ndi chikhomo cha magawo, kotero kuti kuwonekera pa iwo kumawapatsa "chilembo" chawo chofananira, mwachitsanzo: 176.35

  37. Chabwino, ndatumizila kachidindo ka 2 ya fayilo yapamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake chinali chakuti pa NE ndi SE quadrants, mbali mpaka 90 iyenera kuchotsedwa.

    Yesani ndikudziwitse.

    Muyenera kukhala omveka, kuti ziwonetsero zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu UTM zolumikiza, zidzasintha ziwonongeko za masekondi.

  38. mmm, iye akulondola, ine ndikuganiza ine ndikudziwa momwe ndingathetsere izo

    Ndiyang'anitsitsa ndikadzabwereranso kunyumba kwanga.

  39. aphunzitsi olemekezeka, choyamba ndikuthokozani chifukwa cha yankho lanu mofulumira, ndikufika nthawi!
    Ndikukuuzani kuti zinandithandiza kwambiri, ndinali kuyesa, ngakhale ndikufuna kufotokoza kukayikira / malingaliro / nkhawa: imawerengera mtunda bwino kwambiri, tsopano ngodya imandipatsa chothandizira, mwachitsanzo m'malo mokhala 88d13 '. 13", zimandipatsa 1d21'47 ”!!! Kuyenera kukhala kusintha pang'ono ndipo tiri pano! Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha thandizo lanu !!!

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