Kugwiritsira ntchito ziphunzitso zapadera m'maganizo a Geospatial

Amodzi mwa mawu 6 2014 Cadastral, anakulira 1995, omwe akatswiri ambiri a bungwe la International Federation ya oyeza anafunsa ngati adzakhala Cadastre m'chaka 2014, anali "Cadastral Cartography idzakhala gawo lakale. Pulogalamu ya kuwonetsa".

Kujambula mapu ndi njira yakale kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse zakhala zikugwira ntchito zofunikira kwambiri kwa munthu, kutengera nthawi: Kugonjetsedwa, Nkhondo, Chipembedzo, Kafukufuku, Ulendo, Zachilengedwe, ndi zina zambiri. Lero silinali vuto lina kuyambira nthawi zina, ngakhale zopangidwa ndi zoyimira ndizosiyana; M'mbuyomu, mapu anali ntchito yojambula chifukwa cha tsatanetsatane komanso mtengo wake. Miyezo munthawi imeneyi inali yocheperako pazowoneka, monga kukula kwa zilembo, kufanizira mizere, mfundo, kudzaza, mawonekedwe, ndi zina zambiri. ngakhale mfundo za sayansi zikadali zofananira pakadali pano. Kulephera kwaukadaulo kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kuthana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazidziwitso, pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana.

Lero tili ndi nkhokwe zachidziwitso, zamakompyuta komanso zolumikizidwa, kotero kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazowonadi imatha kuyimiriridwa munthawi yomweyo.

Chitsanzo chofanizira ndi chimodzi chokha cha zovuta za moyo wathu weniweni, zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani ya kayendedwe ka nthaka:

• Pali malo oyambirira.
• Pa cusp iye wapereka ufulu kwa kampani ya foni kuti agwiritse ntchito yake kwa zaka 25.
• Komanso, pali msewu kuti yamangidwa kwa kampani kuti ali ndi nsanja, imene osati ali ndi ufulu njira koma udindo aganyali 8,000 madola chaka chilichonse pa ntchito yokonza.
• Nyumba ya mwini nyumba wakhala pansi mumsewu.
• Kuphatikiza apo, pali dera lomwe lili ndi chikaso, umwini wake ndi wilo lolembedwa ndi mwini wake mochedwa. Izi zikuti mwana wamwamuna adzakhala mwini wake wa malowo, akangokwatira ndipo mwana wake wamwamuna wabadwa. Ngati sichoncho, nyumbayo iyenera kukhala katundu wamba. Mwana wamwamuna wakwatira, koma wapeza kuti ndi wosabala. Khothi Lalikulu silingathetse chilichonse chokhudza kupereka chigamulo, makamaka popeza mkazi wake ndiwosakwatiwa ndipo sangakhale ndi ana ...

Zikuwonekeratu kuti mlandu womaliza womwe ndakokomeza ndikungokumbukira kukula kwazotheka. Kufika kwa nthawi yamakompyuta kumatsimikizira kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera zambiri, osati chifukwa chofunikira kupanga njira zoyanjanirana ndi anthu, komanso chifukwa choti chidwi chogawana zidziwitso mdziko lonse lapansi ndichadziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani ya ISO 19152 Ndi chitsanzo choonekeratu cha momwe zida zonsezi zingakhazikitsidwe pa masitidwe a dziko lapansi, magulu omwe alipo, magulu akuluakulu ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimafotokozedwa pazomwe zilipo.

Kuposa kupereka zovuta pamutuwu, zomwe LADM standard (ISO 19152) ikufuna ndikuthandizira bungwe lomwe likuyang'anira malo mdziko kuti likwaniritse udindo wawo, mosasamala kukula kwake, kulumikizana ndi Cadastre, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo gawo lachibadwa lidzakhala nthawi zonse:

• Sungani mgwirizano wa ufulu wa phindu.
•  Fotokozerani anthu za kaundula uyu.

Kuwongolera kotero ndi mchitidwe wa masamu kugwiritsa ntchito zaka za geospatial.

1. Mulingo wake ndi gawo lokhazikika pamalingaliro.

Kulimba mtima kwa munthu kumakhala koopsa, makamaka pomwe kutsatsa kwazotsatira kumakhala kopikisana kwambiri, tsiku lililonse ntchito zatsopano zotengera kasamalidwe ka malo kumatidabwitsa. Kufunika kwa muyezo kumangobwera kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati kupereka phindu la teknoloji m'mabuku a malo, GIS, Internet, yotseguka, zipangizo zamakono komanso, zofuna la anthu, mabungwe aboma ndi aboma kuti athe kuyanjana ndi zidziwitsozo moyenera. Kukhalapo kwa miyezo imeneyi kumapangitsa kuzindikira malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zili zenizeni zomwe zinthu zenizeni zitha kutengera chilankhulo chomwecho. Kuvomerezeka kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi loti standardization (ISO) likuloleza lero, -pa nkhani ya geography- kuti kutsata komwe kumakhudza kupeza, kukonza, kusanthula, kuwonetsa komanso kusamutsa malo pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito, machitidwe ndi madera osiyanasiyana kumathandizidwa. Zotsatira zake, makampani omwe kale anali ndi udindo wawo pazogulitsa kapena ntchito tsopano akufuna kutsata miyezo kuti iwoneke.

2. Udindo wa OGC pamiyeso ya geospatial.

Pankhani ya malamulo a geospatial, miyezo yambiri ya ISO yomwe ilipo ikupangidwa ndi Tsegulani Zokambirana za Geospatial Consortium OGC -pamaso pa Open GIS Consortium- omwe amatenga nawo mbali mu Technical Committee (TC / 211) omwe amayang'anira zochitika zam'madera ndi zam'madera, nthawi zambiri amakhala mgulu la 19000. Mabungwe 481 pano amatenga nawo mbali ku OGC, kuphatikiza makampani, mabungwe ndi mabungwe aboma okhudzana ndi magawo am'magawo azomwe amapezeka. Chifukwa cha izi, kulumikizana pakugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje am'deralo kwalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. Ndikofunikanso kuzindikira kuti gawo lina loyenera la OGC ndi chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika pakademokalase pazidziwitso zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi gwero lotseguka. Ngakhale kuti OGC yakhala ndi dzinali kuyambira 1994, zomwe zidachitikazo zikuchitika chifukwa chakuyesetsa kwachitetezo chakale kwambiri cha Geographic Information System: GRASS, chomwe chidalipo kuyambira ma XNUMX. Ndizosangalatsanso kuwona kuti pali fayilo ya njira yosasinthika Mabungwe aboma, am'madera ndi akunja kuti athe kubetcherana pakukhazikika ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyezo. Mlandu wa Land Administration ukuwonetsedwa ndi zoyeserera monga: INSPIRE, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ISO 19152 ngati luso pakusamalira nthaka, LANDxml.org ndi mlandu wina, European Land Information Service EULIS ndi FIG yomwe.

3. Zovuta za akatswiri atsopano mdera la geospatial.

Kufunika kwamiyeso pakadali pano kumafunikira akatswiri atsopano olumikizidwa ndi zovuta za m'mlengalenga, osati kungodziwa koma kuzama. Kuphatikiza pakujambula, kusanthula, kukonza kapena kusinthana, ayenera kudziwa momwe angawerengere mitundu, kutanthauzira malamulo, madongosolo apakati komanso koposa zonse, zilankhulo zomwe zalembedwa. Vutoli silophweka. Maudindo achikhalidwe adalekanitsidwa pakati pa omwe amajambula (oyesa, ofufuza), iwo omwe amafufuza (akatswiri a malo, mainjiniya, akatswiri ofufuza miyala), iwo omwe amapanga zomaliza (ojambula mapu, ojambula) ndi iwo omwe amapanga kasamalidwe ka data (sayansi yamakompyuta) . Tsopano maphunziro onse akuphatikizidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje, omwe amafunikira chilankhulo chofananira, uwu ndi UML.

Koma: Ndi miyezo ingati yomwe tidziwa?

Tikudziwa kuti pali chiopsezo chotayika m'makalata ambiri, zikhalidwe, malamulo ndi machitidwe. Kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo, yomwe timachita nthawi iliyonse tikalumikiza WMS wosanjikiza, WFS, ndizotheka kuti akatswiri azisanthula nkhaniyi pang'onopang'ono.

• Pachiyambi, ndibwino kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zili mchinenero cha UML. Izi zitha kuchitika pambuyo podziwa CSL (Conceptual Schema Language), yosavuta kumva chifukwa kukula kwake kuli pamlingo wodziwikiratu padziko lenileni. Takhala tikuchita izi kuyambira kusekondale, pomwe timapanga mapu amalingaliro kapena mapu amalingaliro; zomwe zidakulitsa kuthekera kwathu kwakumvetsetsa, kaphatikizidwe, kapangidwe kake, ndipo CSL sichinthu china koma mulingo womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito pamundawu.
• Kenako zidzakhala zosavuta kuti mudziwe malamulo akulu, makamaka omwe akukhudzana ndi gawo lanu pakupanga deta. Kutchula ochepa, Spatial (ISO 19107), Temporal (ISO 19108), Quality (ISO 19115), Gazetteer (ISO 19112) ndi Metadata Schema (ISO 19115).
• Mu Mwachitsanzo lachitatu ayeneranso kudziwa zochita za makompyuta zomangamanga, makamaka utumiki wokonda (SOA) omwe bwino Tingaone kuti ndondomeko kuchokera pa pulani cilamulo kwa onse methodological mlingo wa mwatsatanetsatane ndi deta.

PomalizaChoti mfundo topological kulingana geospatial mbali kuti ngakhale kukhala atsopano akatswiri udindo wa geosciences, kodi chifukwa cha kukula mosamala ntchito mfundo ena kupita amalanga tsiku lililonse. Kuphunzira kumvetsa zitsanzo, koma udzawonjezera mwayi kwa ogwira ntchito amene amayembekezera kukhala mpikisano mu sewero watsopano mwa nkhani lawolawo.