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Sinthani UTM amayang'anira kwa chirengedwe Excel

M'thumba lapitalo tinayambira pepala la Excel kuti tithe kusintha ma coordinates Chiwerengero cha UTM kuchokera pa pepala limene linalengeza Gabriel Ortiz.

Tiyeni tione chida ichi chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito mofanana, kutanthauza kuti, kukhala ndi makonzedwe mu UTM (Universal Traverso de Mercator) ndikudziwa dera lanu, kuwasintha iwo kuti azikhala ndi miyendo yambiri.

Tiyeni tiyambe familiarizing tokha ndi iyi: monga Google Earth, ndondomeko ya Palacio de A Los Deportes mu Mexico adzakhala X = 489513.59, Y = 2,145,667.38 kuona Google Earth amagwiritsa monga datum WGS84. (zomwe simukudziwa, kuti muwone UTM ikukuthandizani kuti mupite ku zida / zosankha / vista3D / show lat / yaitali)

chithunzi

M'malo olumikizirana, izi zitha kukhala zazitali= -8 ° -5 '-59 ” , lat= 19 ° 24 ' 18 ”, (kuti muwonetse gululi mu google Earth, chitani "view/grid")

chithunzi

Ndikukulimbikitsani kuti mudzidziwe nokha ndi mawonekedwe a zitsimikizo ndi kumvetsetsa momwe UTM imagwirizanitsira ntchito kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi chida mu Excel.

Ndachita Tsamba ili izo zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kwa bwenzi yemwe nthawi ina yapitayi anali kuyang'ana kutumiza ku Google Earth deta yomwe inali mu UTM.

lat google lapansi

1. Momwe mungalowetse deta

minda Yellow kusonkhanitsa XY ndondomeko, komanso dera, ayenera kukhala zokwanira kusamalira chitsanzo Mexico, malo kuyambira 16 21 ndondomeko yomweyo kotero inu mukhoza kukhala mu malo osiyana.

lat google lapansi

Chimodzimodzinso chimachitika ndi dziko lapansi, monga momwe zilili ku Colombia, Ecuador ndi Brazil zomwe zili ndi madera onse kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa hemispheres.

Komanso kumtunda ndilo gawo lofotokozera la UTM limene linakhazikitsidwa, izi sizomwe zikugwirizana ndi zotsatirazi koma m'malo mwazowunikira.

2. Zotsatira za zotsatira

chithunzi

Mizere yobiriwira ndi maiko a dziko, makonzedwe akummawa kwa Greenwich meridian adzakhala abwino, kum'maŵa kumadzulo adzakhala opanda.

3 Momwe mungatumizire ku Google Earth

Tinawona kale njira zina zotumizira fayilo yabwino kwambiri ku Google Earth, zonse za m'madera ndi UTM, kotero tawonani, ngati mukufuna kutumiza UTM kuti ikhale AutoCAD, iyi template ya Excel ikulola kuti uchite izo.

Geoutm Downloads

 

Apa mutha kutsitsa template kuti musinthe ma UTM kukhala Geographic.

Mukhoza kugula ndi Makhadi a ngongole.

Ndilophiphiritsira ngati wina akuwona momwe ntchitoyo ikugwiritsire ntchito komanso kumasuka kwake.

 

 


Phunzirani momwe mungapangire izi ndi ma template ena mu Maphunziro achinyengo a Excel-CAD-GIS.


 

 

Golgi Alvarez

Wolemba, wofufuza, katswiri wa Land Management Models. Iye watenga nawo gawo pakukonza ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo monga: National System of Property Administration SINAP ku Honduras, Model of Management of Joint Municipalities ku Honduras, Integrated Model of Cadastre Management - Registry ku Nicaragua, System of Administration ya Territory SAT ku Colombia. . Mkonzi wa blog ya chidziwitso cha Geofumadas kuyambira 2007 ndi mlengi wa AulaGEO Academy yomwe imaphatikizapo maphunziro oposa 100 pa GIS - CAD - BIM - Digital Twins mitu.

Nkhani

109 Comments

  1. Malingaliro onse am'mbuyomu ndi am'mbuyomu, chifukwa lero Seputembara 2020, momwe matembenuzidwewa amakhalabe, ukadaulo wa nthawiyo ndi wosiyana ndi tsiku lamasiku ano, kodi lingagwire ntchito, pali kusiyanasiyana?

  2. Masana abwino,

    Ine ndangogula chithunzicho koma palibe chimene chinabwera kwa ine. Kodi chonde onani chonde kutumizidwa kwa opambana?

    Gracias
    Javier

  3. Mwa njira, ine ndangopeza webusaiti iyi ndipo ine ndikusangalatsidwa. Ndimasowa nthawi pang'ono, koma zikuwoneka bwino.

  4. Sindikupeza komwe nditha kutsitsa…. Table Kodi tebulo lodabwitsa ili kuti?

  5. Ndikufuna kudziwa chifukwa pamene ndalowa mumtundu womwewo ndikuvotera zotsatira zosiyana

  6. q pulogalamu ya windows vista kapena pepala lapamwamba lomwe ndingagwiritse ntchito ndi kumasula mfulu kuti mutembenuzire mapepala apamwamba mpaka malo kapena viseversa, ndikukuthokozerani zamakono.

    Modzichepetsa,

    Efrain Peña Borda

  7. Mmawa wabwino;

    Ndikufuna kudziwa ngati ndidasintha kuchokera pa tebulo yanu (kuchokera ku UTM kupita ku GEOGRAPHIC) ambiri amalinganiza nthawi yomweyo. Ambiri ali ngati 1000.

    Ndikuyembekezera yankho lanu mwamsanga, zikomo.

  8. Ine ndikukhudzidwa ndekha mu template ya exel kuti mutembenuzire ma Konti a GTM KU UTM NDI MAFUNSO
    Chonde nditumizireni nambala ya nambala ya akaunti

  9. Moni, ndapambana pepala kuti ndiyambe kuchoka ku digiri ya madigiri kufika madigiri, maminiti, masekondi.
    Kambiranani nane

  10. Zikomo, ndikuwona njira yowonjezera yopindulira yomwe mungachitire.

  11. Moni José Luis
    Palibe vuto, template ili ndi zipilala zomwe zimathandizira zomwe zimaperekedwa muzithunzi za decimal.
    Mutagula, funsani ife ndipo tidzakuuzani momwe mungachitire.

  12. Wokondedwa chimene ndifuna ndi chiwembu ndondomeko mu MicroStation V8i, koma ya m'manja mwanga kukakwera ine Decimal madigiri balati W89.14298 N13.71391, ndipo ndiyenera kusintha kwa XY, ndi amakhoza Chinsinsi cha kuyitana pa madigiri, maminiti ndi masekondi.
    akhoza kundithandiza ndi izi. Zikomo

  13. Choyamba, zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu.
    Onetsetsani zomwe mukuzifuna, monga template iyi imachokera ku UTM kupita ku malo ena koma pali zizindikiro zina zomwe zatsimikiza kuchita zomwe mukufuna.

    Yang'anirani chithunzi ichi ma templates ena omwe alipo.
    http://geofumadas.com/descargas-utiles/

  14. FUNSO LIMENE MUNGAKUTHANDIZE MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA KUTI AKHALE MALANGIZO OCHOKERA KOMADZI NDI CHIFUKWA CHIYANI MUNGACHITE.

  15. Mungagwiritse ntchito spreadsheet kuti mutembenuzire malo ozungulira
    UTM imagwirizanitsa komanso monga

  16. Kodi ndasintha bwanji ma UTM kuti awonetsedwe?

  17. Monga template ikugwira ntchito popanda zosokoneza

    Ngati mutisiyira chitsanzo, tikhoza kuwongolera.
    Kodi makonzedwe anu omwe munalowa nawo, malo amtundu wanji, zotsatira zotani zomwe mumapanga, m'dziko lomwe muli ndipo timayang'anitsitsa kuti tiwone zomwe zimachitika. Osati izo zikhale nkhani ya nomenclature ya zikwi kapena decimal magawano.

  18. Moni, ndagula fomuyi, ndikuyika makonzedwe kuti ndiwasinthe koma ndinawatumiza ku continent. Zingakhale kuti zili m'deralo, mu pepala ili likuika zone 15, ku Chile ndiyika chigawo chiti?

  19. Moni, ndikufunika kusintha magwirizano mu madigiri a decimal kuti azigwirizana mu madigiri, maminiti ndi masekondi.

  20. Ndithudi coordination Y yanu ndi yoipa, chifukwa chigawo chimayambira ku Ecuador ndipo ikafika pamwamba pa El Salvador ndi nambala imene imaposa milioni imodzi. Ziwonekerani kuti pali vuto.

  21. Kodi m'dzikoli m'litali chakuti madigiri zosiyanasiyana pakati 87 ° ndi 89 ° ndi ufulu pakati 13 ° ndi 14 ° ndi Central America

  22. Inde koma sitidziwa choti tizinene. Mukudziwa bwanji kuti ayenera kupereka?
    Kodi Mudagwiritsa ntchito Datum iti?

    Lembani zotsatirazi pano mu mamita, ndipo tiyesa kuyitembenuza kuti tiwone ngati simusamala.

  23. taonani, ntchito Converter ndi ntchito madigiri mita ndi zotsatira apereke ndi longitude ndi Latitude 89 ° 13 °, koma anandipatsa 89 ° ndi Latitude 2 16 ° ntchito dera la kumpoto ndi kumadzulo Chigawo afunika kudziwa zomwe zimawapangitsa

  24. pali google mtima version yomwe imavomereza kulowa mkati ndi zizindikiro za UTM ndi 6.2.1.6014 (beta)

  25. Mukusuntha pazomwe zimati:

    Pano mungathe kukopera

    Kapena pa batani lomwe limati "gulani tsopano"

  26. Sindikupeza njira yothandizira madola a 2 ndipo ine ndikufunikira mwamsanga kuwongolera tsamba lokonzekera.

  27. ok ndipo pali mwayi uliwonse wopezera mapu a Venezuela omwe akundiwonetsa ine kuchokera kumtundu wanji kuti zowonjezera kapena malo?

  28. Eya, ndikukayikira. Kodi ma UTM ali ofanana ndi OLEMBEDWA? ndi kuti ndikufunika kudziwa malo omwe Venezuela anagawanika, kodi mungandithandize ndi chonde?

  29. Nthawi zina zikhoza kuchitika kuti pulogalamuyi imasiya, kapena Proxi kuchokera pomwe mukugwirizanitsa imatseka kuwunikira. Komabe, ngati izi zitachitika, mungathe kudziwitsa mwa makalata.

    Takatumiza template ku imelo yanu.

    Moni.

  30. heeeey amalipira madola a 2 ndipo musandilole ine kuti ndiwombole template yopambana

    Ndikuchita chiyani?

  31. Ndikutanthauza chigawo cha 14 kapena chimagwira ntchito zonse

  32. Simungathe, Google Earth salola kulumikizidwa kwa UTM mu mawonekedwe a UTM. Chinthu chothandiza kwambiri ndi chakuti mukuchita ndi pulogalamu ya GIS monga Microstation, gvSIG kapena QGis, ndiyeno muyitumize ku kilomita kuti mukaione ku Google Earth.

  33. Eya, tawonani, ndikusangalatsidwa ndi makonzedwewa. Ndikufuna kudziwa momwe ndikugwiritsira ntchito mautumiki anga ku Google Earth pasadakhale, Gracesco, thandizo.

  34. Eya, Miguel. Ponena za funso lanu:
    -Malumikizidwe omwe awonetseredwa ndi Google Earth ndi omwe mumatchula ndi omwe amadziwika kuti UTM. Ndondomekoyi imagawira kontinenti m'zigawo za 60 zomwe zimachoka pamtengo kupita pole, za madigiri 6 kutalika kwake. Mwanjira imeneyi, gawo lililonse lili 500,000 monga meridian chapakati chotero zikuchulukirachulukira kapena mwayamba kufooka mpaka kufika malire a m'derali, kotero ntchito imeneyi akubwerezedwa aliyense zone koma si negative. Kum'mwera chakumpoto, kumayambira pa zero kuchokera ku equator, kumtunda wa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi kumayambira pamtunda mpaka kufika ku equator.

    Machitidwewa amachititsa mavuto m'mayiko omwe akukhudzidwa ndi malo oposa umodzi, ngati Colombia ili pakati pa zigawo 17, 18 ndi 19. Kuonjezera apo, ndiwodziwika kukhala ndi gawo limodzi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi wina kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi.
    Kotero maiko akusankha kusankha zolakwika, kuchepetsa zovuta za izi, choncho sizingatheke kuti mgwirizanowu ukhale wogwirizana ndi zomwe Google Earth ikuwonetsa.
    Kuti apange kutembenuka, Geographic Institutes amapereka chidziwitso monga ichi:

    http://www.unalmed.edu.co/~janaya/clase3/cambio_coord_datum.htm

    Mukhozanso kuyang'ana pa maulumikizi awa:

    http://www.unalmed.edu.co/~janaya/clase3/clase3.htm
    http://geofumadas.com/entendiendo-la-proyeccin-utm/

  35. m'mawa wabwino

    Pamene ndikulowa pa webusaitiyi, chifukwa ndimayang'ana chidziwitso cha ma coordinates kuti ine tsatanetsatane pansipa:

    Pamapu a Colombia okonzedwa ndi IGAC (Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi), makonzedwe a mapu omwe tatchulidwawo sagwirizana ndi mapangano a mapu a Google Earth:

    Mwachitsanzo, mapu ndondomeko ya Colombia, kupeza malo enieni kwa kum'mwera kwa Puerto Wilches 1021223E, 1302614N Izi ndondomeko osati kupeza mapu a Google Earth, akanakhoza kufotokoza kusiyana kumeneku?
    Komanso, monga chitsanzo chidwi, kutenga mapu a Google Earth, makamaka mu dipatimenti ya Nariño zimawonedwa kuti ndondomeko kuti apite kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa, kutenga nkhani ya Tumaco, izo lili 748650 E, ngati tipitiriza ndi ndondomeko yomweyo Kum'maŵa, zikudabwitsa kuti mukafika ku 833969E ndikusintha pang'ono ku 166030E. Zikuchitikanso kuti mu Google Earth kuyambira kumayendedwe akulowera chakumpoto imayambira pa 0.0, kumbali ina ku IGAC ili ndi mgwirizano wake pa equator.
    Pomalizira, mungatani kuti mutembenuzidwe kuchoka ku IGAC mogwirizana ndi Google Earth?
    Tikukuthokozani pasadakhale kuti muthandizidwe bwino mukufotokozera vutoli.

  36. anatengera bwino ntchito ya Gabriel Ortis, ndinali mu Win XP koma ine kusinthana kwa W7 ndipo ine kupitiriza ntchito, m'pofunika kwambiri kucheza mfundo ndi file KML amene awerenga sakani lapansi, ngati inu ndipatseni imelo ndituma anatengera.

    Gracias

  37. ngati ndilibe masekondi ndikutha kuwamasulira kuti utm ???

  38. chida chachikulu kuti chikhale chimodzimodzi kuti mutembenuzire UTM kuti iwonetsere kuti geographies

  39. Ndayesera izo ndi mfundo za makonzedwe a National Cartography of Venezuela ndipo zimapereka zotsatira zomwezo. zikomo

  40. moni,

    Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha zopereka zanu.

  41. Vitos, kuti mutembenukire kumbuyo, kapena kuchokera ku Geographical kupita ku UTM mukhoza kuwona kugwirizana kwa Geofumadas iyi

  42. Ndikufuna kutembenuza deta iyi W 14° 51′ 16.59” YS 90° 51′ 50.1” kukhala UTM

  43. Chothandizira chachikulucho, chimagwira ntchito mwangwiro m'mavuto onse, koma ndizo malire a njirayo. Zikomo chifukwa chakugawana izo pa intaneti.
    Moni waukulu !!

  44. zikomo pogawana magome awa ndi anthu.
    iwo amapindula kwambiri

  45. 1 Giga Zikomo chifukwa chopereka mu blog, kuposa kwambiri, clickcidades (kuyambitsa Zabwino informatic !!) akhoza kukopera kupambana spreadsheet ena kupita UTM, koma kugwirizana aperekedwa apa sakanakhoza, mwachitsanzo UTM enieni ena wapadera malangizo. Zikomo inu.

  46. Ndi chida chabwino kwambiri ...
    Pali nthawi zina anthu omwe ndi achiwawa ndipo samakonda kugawana zomwe akudziwa koma ndimawona kuti ndinu owolowa manja ... zikomo chifukwa cha chida chanu.
    pitirizani

  47. Ndikuyenera kujambula chithunzi cha Bs. Monga., Argentina ndi mfundo zotengedwa kuchokera ku google earth, kodi wina amadziwa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti Google Earth igwiritse ntchito komanso malo a Argentina ndi chiyani? Kuti ndichite zojambulajambula, Erdas andifunsa ine deta imeneyo.
    Muchas Gracias

  48. Moni! Zopindulitsa kwambiri. Komabe, kodi mungandipatseko ndondomeko yoti ndichite ndi chowerengera?
    Gracias

  49. Chida cha Excalente.
    Zikomo! ndi moni wochokera ku Spain!

  50. Ine ndikuganiza inu UTM, kutengera ndondomeko ya tebulo kupambana, kusonyeza zomwe dera ali ndi kukhala lawolawo monga well'll nawo mu amgathe, ngati zingachitikire UTM mu amgathe, kutenga ndondomeko Hrs ndi zoumba anatembenukira kwa UTM, kusankha zone ena.

  51. Moni, ndiri ndi deta yomwe imatengedwa mu utm m'dera la 16 koma ndikufunika kuwamasulira ku chigawo cha 15 momwe ndikuchitira

    Gracias

  52. zabwino kwambiri njira yanu, koma ine kudziwa mmene kusintha, koma osati digito Ndine kusonkhezera wophunzira nyama kupanga stoy kuphunzira kusamala nthaka ndi madzi, mu nkhani iyi ndifunse kusonyeza anapezazo ndi kudziwa cholakwa pakati pa ndondomeko izi ziwiri, ngati inu kupanga iwo. Ine angandithandize? zofunika kwambiri ndi kuwerengera cholakwa pakati pa ndondomeko awiri !!
    zikomo!

  53. Muyenera kuwona malo omwe akugwirizana nawo ku Google Earth, chifukwa ku Colombia zogwirizana ndi 17,18 ndi 19 zimagwirizana

  54. Moni! Ndinalowa mndandanda wa madera osiyanasiyana kuti ndiwadutse koma zotsatira zomwe ndimapeza sizinali zomwe ndimayang'anira. Ndikufuna kusinthika uku ku makonzedwe ku Colombia. Ndiyenera kusintha kotani?

  55. moni! Wina amadziwa momwe ndingathere kuchokera ku UTM kupita ku Geograficas (madigiri) koma mwazomwe, osati maminiti kapena masekondi.

    Kodi pali chida chilichonse chomwe chingandithandize kuchita izi?

    zikomo chifukwa cha nthawi yanu, komanso kachiwiri maofesi akuluakulu!

  56. Geofumadas wamkulu ndi Gabriel Ortiz, zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu pothandiza ena! ku Peru ndikukupatsani moni ..!
    ozizira

  57. NTCHITO wabwino ndi kupanga zaka zambiri wanu, Zabwino zoona wabwino, ine ndi vuto kusintha kwa Malo UTM kapena Hrs ndege, ndiko kufunika chiwembu M'MUNDA NDI KUKONZA moyo kapena ndege BAIBULO BASE DETA MFUNDO M'MUNDA ndi mwakuthupi UTM amayang'anira kapena INDE Hrs ndi kutseka kutsimikizira kumene zolakwa UTM ndondomeko, OJALA angandithandize

  58. Mukhoza kundisangalatsa ndikunditeteza ku antivirusti ESET NOD 32, ndikuthokozani.

  59. Pali pulogalamu ya UTM Flyer, kuti mutembenukire ku Google omwe anandipatsa ine, koma itatha kale, mukhoza kundithandiza ndikupatsani, kuti iwonongeke.

  60. Ku Nicaragua mumagwira ntchito ku Zone 16 ndi 17, wina akhoza kundithandiza.

  61. Ndikufuna kuti pulogalamu ya UTM Flyer isamuke kuchokera ku UTM yomwe imayang'anira NAD 27 Central mpaka Geografica ku Google Maps

  62. Ndikuganiza kuti izi zikutanthauza: Zone 18, x = 338552 y = 9065052 kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi. Yeserani ku template. Mudzakhala ndi deta

  63. NDIPO NDIFUNA KUTI NDIDZITHANDIZE KUTI NDIPONSE KUKHALA CORDENADAS UTM NDI MAFUNSO OYAMBA AMENE AMACHITA:
    WEST LENGTH 18L0338552
    UFUMU WA KU SOUTH UTM 9065052

  64. zikomo chifukwa chondithandiza kuti ndichite ntchito yanga
    kutalika kwakumadzulo 18L0338552
    South latitude UTM 9065052

  65. Ine ndalandira imelo ku Mario Sánchez limatiuza kuti athandize kumbali ya ntchito zawo (akuphunzira khalidwe la nkhosa odyetserako ndi mikanda GPS-GPRS) Added mndandanda wa matebulo kupita ku madigiri decimal kuti sexagesimal basi ndipo izi chifukwa ali anaikapo mwachindunji mu Chinsinsi egeomates tikuonera positi.

    Kuphatikiza apo, yonjezerani njira zina kuti azindikire mtunda wa pakati pa makonzedwe awiri ndipo ngati nthawiyi ikupezeka nthawi yolandira mipatayi komanso liwiro la kuthawa kwawo likupezeka.

    Iye amaganiza kuti mwina zingakhale zothandiza kwa wina kotero iye anatumiza izo ndipo apa iwo ali ndi fayilo ndi zoikamo.

  66. Fufuzani dzina lakuti nomenclature limene Gabriel Ortiz calculator akufunsa

    Maonekedwe ovomerezeka ovomerezeka:
    434156.35 4804758.33 102.44 (malo aliwonse pamzere, X choyamba ndi Y. Z ndizosankha.)
    433785.44 4803721.57
    Gwiritsani ntchito danga kapena tabu kuti mulekanitse zigawo za X ndi Y, ndipo inuyo Z.

    Ngati mukuyikira, ndikukuvutitsani.

  67. Ndikufunika kusintha X, Y yolumikiza ku UTM zolumikiza

    Ndalowa mu data mu CARTOGRAPHIC COORD CONVERTER ya "Gabriel Ortiz". koma sichibweza deta yomwe ndikufanizira nayo.

    Kodi wina angandithandize?

    Deta ili motere: X = 622,552.17 / Y = 2,062,181.26

    Zomwe zibwezeretsedwe ndi: N 64 ° 24 "46.02" E

    koma izi sizikubwera pamene mulowa.

    HUSO yomwe ndikukufotokozerani ndi: 15 yomwe ikufanana ndi Campeche, Mex.

    Kodi ndikuchita chiyani cholakwika?

    Zikomo pothandizira pasadakhale.

  68. Kutembenuza kwakukulu ndi njira yabwino yophunzitsira pali koma kuyamika ntchito yaikuluyi. zikomo kwambiri

  69. izi ndi njira yophunzitsira. chonde tumizani ku imelo iyi. zikomo kwambiri

  70. Ndizofunikira kwa wophunzira monga ine. ud. Kodi munganditumizireko imelo mwachangu? Zikomo kwambiri komanso zokhumba zabwino ndi ziphunzitso zanzeru zimenezo.

  71. Anahí, positi imasonyeza chitsanzo chomwe mwapempha, kuchokera kumayiko akumwera ndi Bolivia

  72. Anahí,
    Ngati mwaika Menyu / View / Grid zowonekera, ngati mutatsegula UTM mu Zida / Zosankha / 3d View.

  73. Ndi ntchito yabwino bwanji, imathandiza kwambiri, funso la Bolivia monga kusonyeza UTM kusinthira kusiyana pakati pa zigawo za 19, 20 ndi 21.
    Ndikufuna kuti mundipatse ine kuti ndipeze graph kuti iwonetse ophunzira makonzedwe m'dera lililonse.

  74. Wokondwa, ndithudi ndi chida chabwino kwambiri ndi ntchito yabwino.

  75. choyamba ndikuthokozeni chifukwa cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe mumagwira m'malo achiwiri kuti mupereke chidziwitso chanu 'kwa anthu ena omwe, monga ine, alibe zambiri, zifukwa zokwanira zakuti mupite patsogolo

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